Mid-Holocene climate in China and the East Asian monsoon: Insights from PMIP4 simulations

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.52

Abstract

Abstract:

We revisited the climate in China and the East Asian monsoon during the mid-Holocene (6,000 years ago) via PMIP4 (Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project phase 4) simulation using 14 climate models. Similar to the previous simulation results using PMIP3 models, the mid-Holocene surface air temperatures were cooler for the annual (-0.61 ℃), winter (-1.65 ℃) and spring (-1.69 ℃) means and warmer for the summer (+0.80 ℃) and autumn (+0.08 ℃) means compared to the preindustrial period. The annual and winter cooling results run contrary to the warming results as inferred from most geological records. There was an extra cooling of 0.01-0.45 ℃ over the PMIP3 results, partly due to a reduction in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. By PMIP4 simulation using 11 climate models, the mid-Holocene annual precipitation increased by 2%, evaporation decreased by 1%, and net precipitation (i.e., precipitation minus evaporation) increased by 7% relative to their preindustrial levels in terms of arithmetic means; seasonally, all three variables decreased for winter and spring and increased for summer and autumn. Comparatively, between PMIP4 and PMIP3 models for the above three variables, the differences in their national means and regional changes were relatively larger for summer and autumn than for the year and the other two seasons. And compared to the PMIP3 model results, the annual net precipitation change by PMIP4 simulation is closer to geological records. All 14 PMIP4 models reproduced a consistent strengthening of the East Asian winter and summer monsoon intensities during the mid-Holocene by 11% and 32% on average, respectively, compared to the preindustrial period. Regionally, the increases in monsoon circulation by PMIP4 simulation were larger in the north and smaller in the south of East Asia relative to the increases by PMIP3 simulation.

Key words: mid-Holocene, climate in China, East Asian monsoon, PMIP4 simulations

CLC Number:

P534.63
P532

TIAN Zhiping, ZHANG Ran, JIANG Dabang. Mid-Holocene climate in China and the East Asian monsoon: Insights from PMIP4 simulations[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(5): 355-371.

Figures/Tables 10

References 77

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气候模式		所属国家	大气模式水平分辨率(经度×纬度) 和垂直分层	数值试验积分时间/ 模式年
1	AWI-ESM-1-1-LR	德国	1.875°×1.9°, L47	100
2	CESM2	美国	1.25°×0.9°, L32	700
3	EC-Earth3-LR	欧盟	1.125°×1.1°, L62	203
4	FGOALS-f3-L	中国	1.25°×1°, L32	500
5	FGOALS-g3	中国	2°×(2°~5°), L26	500
6	GISS-E2-1-G	法国	2.5°×2°, L40	100
7	INM-CM4-8	俄罗斯	2°×1.5°, L21	200
8	IPSL-CM6A-LR	法国	2.5°×1.3°, L79	550
9	MIROC-ES2L	日本	2.8125°×2.8°, L40	100
10	MPI-ESM1-2-LR	德国	1.875°×2°, L47	500
11	MRI-ESM2-0	日本	1.125°×1.1°, L80	200
12	NESM3^*	中国	1.875°×1.9°, L47	100
13	NorESM1-F	挪威	2.5°×1.9°, L32	200
14	NorESM2-LM	挪威	2.5°×1.9°, L32	100

气候模式		所属国家	大气模式水平分辨率(经度×纬度) 和垂直分层	数值试验积分时间/ 模式年
1	AWI-ESM-1-1-LR	德国	1.875°×1.9°, L47	100
2	CESM2	美国	1.25°×0.9°, L32	700
3	EC-Earth3-LR	欧盟	1.125°×1.1°, L62	203
4	FGOALS-f3-L	中国	1.25°×1°, L32	500
5	FGOALS-g3	中国	2°×(2°~5°), L26	500
6	GISS-E2-1-G	法国	2.5°×2°, L40	100
7	INM-CM4-8	俄罗斯	2°×1.5°, L21	200
8	IPSL-CM6A-LR	法国	2.5°×1.3°, L79	550
9	MIROC-ES2L	日本	2.8125°×2.8°, L40	100
10	MPI-ESM1-2-LR	德国	1.875°×2°, L47	500
11	MRI-ESM2-0	日本	1.125°×1.1°, L80	200
12	NESM3^*	中国	1.875°×1.9°, L47	100
13	NorESM1-F	挪威	2.5°×1.9°, L32	200
14	NorESM2-LM	挪威	2.5°×1.9°, L32	100

边界条件		PMIP3试验		PMIP4试验
		工业革命前期	全新世中期		工业革命前期		全新世中期
地球轨道参数	偏心率	0.016724	0.018682	0.016764		0.018682
	黄赤交角(°)	23.446	24.105	23.459		24.105
	岁差(°)	102.04	0.87	100.33		0.87
大气温室气体	二氧化碳浓度/(μL·L^-1)	280	280	284.3		264.4
	甲烷浓度/(nL·L^-1)	760	650	808.2		597
	氧化亚氮浓度/(nL·L^-1)	270	270	273.0		262
太阳常数/(W·m^-2)		1365	同工业革命前期	1360.747		同工业革命前期
植被		固定或计算值	同工业革命前期	固定或计算值		同工业革命前期
气溶胶		固定或计算值	同工业革命前期	固定或计算值		同工业革命前期

边界条件		PMIP3试验		PMIP4试验
		工业革命前期	全新世中期		工业革命前期		全新世中期
地球轨道参数	偏心率	0.016724	0.018682	0.016764		0.018682
	黄赤交角(°)	23.446	24.105	23.459		24.105
	岁差(°)	102.04	0.87	100.33		0.87
大气温室气体	二氧化碳浓度/(μL·L^-1)	280	280	284.3		264.4
	甲烷浓度/(nL·L^-1)	760	650	808.2		597
	氧化亚氮浓度/(nL·L^-1)	270	270	273.0		262
太阳常数/(W·m^-2)		1365	同工业革命前期	1360.747		同工业革命前期
植被		固定或计算值	同工业革命前期	固定或计算值		同工业革命前期
气溶胶		固定或计算值	同工业革命前期	固定或计算值		同工业革命前期