Long-term in situ observation of pore pressure in marine sediments: A review of technology development and future outlooks

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.30

Abstract

Abstract:

Pore pressure in marine sediments is an important seabed stability indicator due to its sensitivity to marine geological hazards. Seabed stability can be assessed by measuring pore pressure accumulation in marine sediments, which is important for the forecast and early warning of marine geological hazards. However, there are several technical challenges in deep-ocean pore pressure observation, such as (1) high-resolution measurement under ultra-high background hydrostatic pressure; (2) sensor over-range damage during penetration process; (3) long-term power supply and sensor drift; and (4) equipment deployment and recovery off deep ocean floor. The international deep-ocean pore pressure observation technology has been developed since the 1960s to yield a series of core technologies and commercial products. The NGI-Illinois Differential Piezometer Probe System, jointly developed by Norwegian Geotechnical Institute and University of Illinois, is known as the earliest observational equipment. Since then, USGS, Sandia National Laboratory, Oxford University, etc. have developed various observational equipments covering shallow to the deep sea. Thereinto, PUPPI, a pop-up pore pressure instrument developed by UK's Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, marked an important historical achievement. At the time it was the most successful observational equipment that could continuously operate 6000 m underwater for one year, and its advanced design concept was widely borrowed by subsequent equipment developers. Since the 21st century, benefited from the overall progress in marine science and technology, the technology development for pore pressure observation has shown an accelerated trend. At the moment, the Piezometer series equipment, developed by the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER), represents today's advanced level and is probably the most frequently used equipment worldwide. China started late in its deep-ocean exploration and observation technology development, including deep-ocean pore pressure observation. Currently, exploratory observational technology developments are carried out by Ocean University of China, Ministry of Natural Resources First Institute of Oceanography, etc. In recent years, a large number of national marine construction projects are in full swing, marked by the construction of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge and the test mining of natural gas hydrate in the South China Sea, and new marine industries start quickly in the areas of deep-sea oil and gas resources development and deep-sea natural gas hydrate exploitation. Therefore, it is urgent to develop domestic long-term in situ marine observation technology with independent intellectual property rights. In providing a reference for such endeavor, this paper reviews the international and domestic research progress in observation technology for pore pressure in seabed sediments, sought to summarize its core technologies and key application problems.

Key words: long-term in situ observation, pore pressure, marine sediments, geological disaster, marine engineering

CLC Number:

P715
P736.21

CHEN Tian, JIA Yonggang, LIU Tao, LIU Xiaolei, SHAN Hongxian, SUN Zhongqiang. Long-term in situ observation of pore pressure in marine sediments: A review of technology development and future outlooks[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(5): 229-245.

Figures/Tables 9

References 62

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设备名称	研发单位	总长度/m	传感器类型	测量量程/kPa	测量精度/kPa	工作水深/m	首次海试	数据来源
NGI-Illinois压差式孔隙压力观测系统 (NGI-Illinois Differential Piezometer Probe System)	挪威岩土工程研究所(NGI) 美国伊利诺伊大学(University of Illinois)	4.9	压差式	34~294	±6.2	500	1967年6月	文献[13]
NOAA孔隙压力观测探杆 (NOAA Piezometer)	美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)	17.12	绝对压力	689.5	±3.5	—	1975年9月	文献[23,25-26,30]
第二代NOAA孔隙压力观测探杆 (NOAA Piezometer II)	美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)	19.8	绝对压力	689.5	±3.5	—	1977年3月	文献[14-15,27,30]
第二代NOAA孔隙压力观测探杆 (NOAA Piezometer II)	美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)	19.8	压差式	137.9	±0.7	—	1977年3月	文献[14-15,27,30]
Lehigh孔隙压力观测探杆 (Lehigh Piezometer)	美国里海大学(Lehigh University)	7.3	绝对压力	344.7	±2.0	—	1975年9月	文献[15,28,31]
TAMU-USGS孔隙压力观测探杆 (TAMU-USGS Piezometer)	美国得克萨斯农工大学(Texas A&M University) 美国地质调查局(USGS)	约12.5	绝对压力	689.5	—	—	1976年12月	文献[28]
GISP孔隙压力观测探杆 (Geotechnical Instrumented Seafloor Probe)	美国桑迪亚国家实验室 (Sandia National Laboratories)	10.5	绝对压力	6200.0	—	450	1981年8月	文献[4,32]
牛津大学压差式孔隙压力观测探杆 (Oxford Differential Piezometer)	英国牛津大学(Oxford University)	约2.0	压差式	17.5	0.03	—	1971年	文献[4,34]
PUPPI孔隙压力观测探杆 (Pop Up Pore Pressure Instrument)	英国海洋科学研究所 (Institute of Oceanographic Sciences)	6	压差式	60	0.015	6 000	—	文献[35-38]
SAPPI孔隙压力观测探杆 (Satellite-linked Autonomous Pore Pressure Instrument)	德国不来梅大学(University of Bremen)	约4.7	压差式	—	—	—	2004年	文献[48]
P-lance孔隙压力观测探杆	德国不来梅大学(University of Bremen)	约4	压差式	—	0.01	—	—	文献[49-50]
Piezometer系列孔隙压力观测探杆	法国海洋开发研究院 (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea)	最大15	压差式	±200	±0.5	6 000	—	文献[16-17,52-54,57]
复杂深海工程地质原位长期观测设备SEEGeo (In-situ Surveying Equipment of Engineering Geology in Complex Deep Sea)	中国海洋大学	4	压差式	100	0.1	1 500	2016年	文献[10,19,21-22]
浅海海底沉积物孔隙压力监测探杆	自然资源部第一海洋研究所	4.2	绝对压力	—	—	—	—	文献[61-62]

设备名称	研发单位	总长度/m	传感器类型	测量量程/kPa	测量精度/kPa	工作水深/m	首次海试	数据来源
NGI-Illinois压差式孔隙压力观测系统 (NGI-Illinois Differential Piezometer Probe System)	挪威岩土工程研究所(NGI) 美国伊利诺伊大学(University of Illinois)	4.9	压差式	34~294	±6.2	500	1967年6月	文献[13]
NOAA孔隙压力观测探杆 (NOAA Piezometer)	美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)	17.12	绝对压力	689.5	±3.5	—	1975年9月	文献[23,25-26,30]
第二代NOAA孔隙压力观测探杆 (NOAA Piezometer II)	美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)	19.8	绝对压力	689.5	±3.5	—	1977年3月	文献[14-15,27,30]
第二代NOAA孔隙压力观测探杆 (NOAA Piezometer II)	美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)	19.8	压差式	137.9	±0.7	—	1977年3月	文献[14-15,27,30]
Lehigh孔隙压力观测探杆 (Lehigh Piezometer)	美国里海大学(Lehigh University)	7.3	绝对压力	344.7	±2.0	—	1975年9月	文献[15,28,31]
TAMU-USGS孔隙压力观测探杆 (TAMU-USGS Piezometer)	美国得克萨斯农工大学(Texas A&M University) 美国地质调查局(USGS)	约12.5	绝对压力	689.5	—	—	1976年12月	文献[28]
GISP孔隙压力观测探杆 (Geotechnical Instrumented Seafloor Probe)	美国桑迪亚国家实验室 (Sandia National Laboratories)	10.5	绝对压力	6200.0	—	450	1981年8月	文献[4,32]
牛津大学压差式孔隙压力观测探杆 (Oxford Differential Piezometer)	英国牛津大学(Oxford University)	约2.0	压差式	17.5	0.03	—	1971年	文献[4,34]
PUPPI孔隙压力观测探杆 (Pop Up Pore Pressure Instrument)	英国海洋科学研究所 (Institute of Oceanographic Sciences)	6	压差式	60	0.015	6 000	—	文献[35-38]
SAPPI孔隙压力观测探杆 (Satellite-linked Autonomous Pore Pressure Instrument)	德国不来梅大学(University of Bremen)	约4.7	压差式	—	—	—	2004年	文献[48]
P-lance孔隙压力观测探杆	德国不来梅大学(University of Bremen)	约4	压差式	—	0.01	—	—	文献[49-50]
Piezometer系列孔隙压力观测探杆	法国海洋开发研究院 (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea)	最大15	压差式	±200	±0.5	6 000	—	文献[16-17,52-54,57]
复杂深海工程地质原位长期观测设备SEEGeo (In-situ Surveying Equipment of Engineering Geology in Complex Deep Sea)	中国海洋大学	4	压差式	100	0.1	1 500	2016年	文献[10,19,21-22]
浅海海底沉积物孔隙压力监测探杆	自然资源部第一海洋研究所	4.2	绝对压力	—	—	—	—	文献[61-62]