Research progress on groundwater contamination and remediation in in situ leaching uranium mines

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.2.11

Abstract

Abstract:

In situ leaching is a mainstream technology that has been widely used in uranium mining around the world, and groundwater restoration in the leaching area is of public concern. In this article, groundwater environments are systematically characterized in the three-leaching (i.e., alkaline, neutral and acidic leaching) technology-based mines. Considering acidic leaching of uranium has the most significant environmental impact, remediation technologies including physicochemical remediation and bioremediation as well as their mechanisms and applications are critically reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the remediation technologies are highlighted. Finally, the potential research gaps are identified, which include (1) new technology for uranium fixation and long-term stability in acidic and oxidizing environments; (2) breeding, domestication technology for highly active and strongly adaptive repair bacteria; (3) ex situ and in situ cooperative bioremediation technology of groundwater; and (4) studies on the mechanisms and controlling factors of the adsorption-desorption, oxidation-reduction, dissolution-precipitation of radionuclides and heavy metals in the groundwater environment of in situ leaching uranium mining.

Key words: acid leaching, uranium contamination, sulfate contamination, bioremediation

CLC Number:

SUN Zhanxue, MA Wenjie, LIU Yajie, LIU Jinhui, ZHOU Yipeng. Research progress on groundwater contamination and remediation in in situ leaching uranium mines[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(5): 215-225.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig.1 Distribution of world’s proven uranium reserves. Adapted from [1].

Fig.2 Natural uranium production in major countries of the world. Adapted from [1].

Table 1 Regular techniques and principle of in situ leaching of uranium

工艺方法	适用条件	常用试剂	工作原理
酸法	碳酸盐含量不应超过2.0%	H₂SO₄、HCl、HNO₃等	UO₃+H₂SO₄=UO₂SO₄+H₂O U₃O₈+ $12$ O₂+3H₂SO₄=3UO₂SO₄+3H₂O UO₂SO₄+2 $SO 4 2 -$ =[ $U O 2 (SO 4) 3$ ]^4-
碱法	碳酸盐含量过高(>2.0%) 或矿段埋深较大(> 400 m)	Na₂CO₃、 NaHCO₃等	UO₃+3Na₂CO₃+H₂O=Na₄[ $U O 2 (CO 3) 3$ ]+2NaOH U₃O₈+9Na₂CO₃+ $12$ O₂+3H₂O=3Na₄[ $UO 2 (CO 3) 3$ ]+6NaOH NaHCO₃+NaOH=Na₂CO₃+H₂O
中性	低品位、高碳酸盐、高矿化度	O₂+CO₂	CO₂+H₂O=H⁺+HC $O 3 -$ 2UO₂+O₂=2UO₃ UO₃+3 $HCO 3 -$ =[ $U O 2 (C O 3) 3$ ]^4-+3H⁺

Table 1 Regular techniques and principle of in situ leaching of uranium

工艺方法	适用条件	常用试剂	工作原理
酸法	碳酸盐含量不应超过2.0%	H₂SO₄、HCl、HNO₃等	UO₃+H₂SO₄=UO₂SO₄+H₂O U₃O₈+ $12$ O₂+3H₂SO₄=3UO₂SO₄+3H₂O UO₂SO₄+2 $SO 4 2 -$ =[ $U O 2 (SO 4) 3$ ]^4-
碱法	碳酸盐含量过高(>2.0%) 或矿段埋深较大(> 400 m)	Na₂CO₃、 NaHCO₃等	UO₃+3Na₂CO₃+H₂O=Na₄[ $U O 2 (CO 3) 3$ ]+2NaOH U₃O₈+9Na₂CO₃+ $12$ O₂+3H₂O=3Na₄[ $UO 2 (CO 3) 3$ ]+6NaOH NaHCO₃+NaOH=Na₂CO₃+H₂O
中性	低品位、高碳酸盐、高矿化度	O₂+CO₂	CO₂+H₂O=H⁺+HC $O 3 -$ 2UO₂+O₂=2UO₃ UO₃+3 $HCO 3 -$ =[ $U O 2 (C O 3) 3$ ]^4-+3H⁺

Fig.3 Mechanisms of interactions between microorganisms and uranium. Adapted from [40-44].

Fig.4 A conceptual model of the uranium bioremediation process. Adapted from [18].

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