表层地球系统界面过程与土壤圈演化研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.3.3

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤圈是表层地球系统中大气圈、水圈、生物圈和岩石圈相互作用的产物,在地球表层系统演变中起着关键作用。本文回顾了控制土壤形成和演化的界面过程,强调了它们复杂的相互作用和反馈机制。土壤圈的形成和演化受物理和化学风化过程、气-水-岩异质反应以及生物有机质-矿物相互作用的协同影响。这些过程在不同的地理、气候和生物条件下有所不同,导致土壤的异质性和组分多样性。本文将界面过程分为两大类:无机圈之间的相互作用和生物与无机圈之间的相互作用。无机圈之间的相互作用包括空气和水对岩石的改造、热交换、风蚀、水-岩反应和成岩作用。这些过程对母质的物理分解和化学转变至关重要。生物与无机圈之间的相互作用包括光合作用、呼吸作用和微生物降解有机物的有机碳输入和输出,以及生物转化,其中涉及生物矿物营养素的释放和矿物-有机质聚集体的形成。本文探讨了土壤圈与生物圈的关系,强调了土壤与生态系统之间的物质和能量交换及其对生态系统的支撑作用。此外,本文还讨论了土壤在生态系统服务中的作用,如生产力、生物多样性维护和气候调节。最后,本文强调了多时间和多空间尺度研究的重要性,以了解地表过程对土壤圈演化的影响,并确定未来的研究热点。总体而言,本文详细概述了驱动土壤形成和演化的界面过程,强调了它们在维持生态平衡、支持人类活动和应对全球环境挑战方面的重要性。

关键词: 地球系统科学, 土壤圈, 界面过程, 圈层相互作用, 人类世

Abstract:

The soil sphere, a critical interface connecting the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, plays a pivotal role in the Earth’s surface system. Here, we review the interfacial processes that govern the formation and evolution of soils, emphasizing their intricate interactions and feedback mechanisms. The formation and evolution of the soil sphere are influenced by physical and chemical weathering processes, gas-water-rock heterogeneous reactions, and biological-organic matter-mineral interactions. These processes vary under different geographical, climatic, and biological conditions, leading to the heterogeneity and material diversity of soils. The paper categorizes interfacial processes into two main types: interactions among inorganic spheres and interactions between the biological and inorganic worlds. Interactions among inorganic spheres include the alteration of rocks by air and water, heat exchange, wind erosion, water-rock reactions, and diagenesis. These processes are crucial for the physical breakdown and chemical transformation of parent materials. Interactions between the biological and inorganic worlds encompass organic carbon input and output through photosynthesis, respiration, and microbial degradation of organic matter, as well as bioweathering, which involves the release of biogenic mineral nutrients and the formation of mineral-organic matter aggregates. The paper also explores the relationship between the soil sphere and the biosphere, highlighting the exchange of matter and energy and the support provided by soils to ecosystems. Additionally, it discusses the role of soils in ecosystem services, such as productivity, biodiversity maintenance, and climate regulation. Finally, the paper emphasizes the importance of multi-temporal and multi-spatial scale studies to understand the impact of surface processes on soil sphere evolution and identifies future research hotspots. Collectively, this paper provides a detailed overview of the interfacial processes that drive soil formation and evolution, highlighting their significance in maintaining ecological balance, supporting human activities, and addressing global environmental challenges.

Key words: earth system science, pedosphere, interfacial processes, earth sphere feedback relation, Anthropocene

中图分类号:

滕辉, 余光辉, 陈春梅, 郝丽萍, 张坚超, 朱翔宇, 孙富生, 王钺博, 刘丛强. 表层地球系统界面过程与土壤圈演化研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(3): 35-51.

TENG Hui, YU Guanghui, CHEN Chunmei, HAO Liping, ZHANG Jianchao, ZHU Xiangyu, SUN Fusheng, WANG Yuebo, Liu Cong-Qiang. Investigation into the interface processes of the surface-earth system and the evolution of the pedosphere[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(3): 35-51.

图/表 4

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类别	生态系统服务	土壤功能	示例
支持	初级生产	支持陆地植被	支持主要的光自养生物
	土壤形成	土壤形成过程	岩石风化和有机物质积累
	营养循环	储存、内部循环和养分处理	氮固定和氮磷矿化及循环
供给	避难所	为常住和暂住种群提供栖息地	为土壤大型动物提供洞穴
	水储存	保持景观中的水分	保持孔隙网络中的水分,调节土壤生化过程
	平台	支持结构	支持住房、工业和基础设施
	食物供应	提供植物生长	提供作物和牲畜的食物
	生物材料	提供植物生长	生产木材、纤维和燃料
	原材料	提供原材料来源	矿石、矿物和集料提取
	生物多样性和遗传资源	提供独特的生物材料和产品来源	医疗产品、抗病原体和害虫的基因
调节	水质调节	过滤和缓冲水	供人类消费的饮用水和河流、湖泊及海洋的良好生态状态
	水供应调节	调节水文流动	在过剩时进行洪水控制,在缺乏时进行灌溉
	气体调节	调节大气化学成分	二氧化碳/氧气平衡、紫外线保护的臭氧和二氧化硫水平
	气候调节	调节全球温度、降水和其他生物介导的气候过程	温室气体调节
	侵蚀控制	在生态系统内保持土壤和胶体	在山坡和湿地中保持土壤
文化	娱乐	提供娱乐活动的平台	生态旅游、体育
	认知	提供非商业活动的机会	美学、教育、精神和科学价值
	遗产	保存陆地占用和文明的考古记录	考古记录的保存/破坏

类别	生态系统服务	土壤功能	示例
支持	初级生产	支持陆地植被	支持主要的光自养生物
	土壤形成	土壤形成过程	岩石风化和有机物质积累
	营养循环	储存、内部循环和养分处理	氮固定和氮磷矿化及循环
供给	避难所	为常住和暂住种群提供栖息地	为土壤大型动物提供洞穴
	水储存	保持景观中的水分	保持孔隙网络中的水分,调节土壤生化过程
	平台	支持结构	支持住房、工业和基础设施
	食物供应	提供植物生长	提供作物和牲畜的食物
	生物材料	提供植物生长	生产木材、纤维和燃料
	原材料	提供原材料来源	矿石、矿物和集料提取
	生物多样性和遗传资源	提供独特的生物材料和产品来源	医疗产品、抗病原体和害虫的基因
调节	水质调节	过滤和缓冲水	供人类消费的饮用水和河流、湖泊及海洋的良好生态状态
	水供应调节	调节水文流动	在过剩时进行洪水控制,在缺乏时进行灌溉
	气体调节	调节大气化学成分	二氧化碳/氧气平衡、紫外线保护的臭氧和二氧化硫水平
	气候调节	调节全球温度、降水和其他生物介导的气候过程	温室气体调节
	侵蚀控制	在生态系统内保持土壤和胶体	在山坡和湿地中保持土壤
文化	娱乐	提供娱乐活动的平台	生态旅游、体育
	认知	提供非商业活动的机会	美学、教育、精神和科学价值
	遗产	保存陆地占用和文明的考古记录	考古记录的保存/破坏

策略	作用机制	作用	应用
碳封存	利用微生物增强土壤及海洋中的碳封存	减少大气中的CO₂并增强土壤、海洋的生产力以及海洋碳封存	农林业可持续性和海洋生物封存
甲烷氧化	使用甲烷营养细菌将甲烷氧化成无害化合物	降低甲烷排放并促进大气清除:减少潜在的温室气体	垃圾填埋场;牲畜管理;内陆淡水水体;湿地
生物能源	培养藻类和其他微生物用于生物燃料生产	提供可再生能源:减少对化石燃料的依赖	生物燃料生产:工业应用
生物修复	污染物和有害物质的微生物分解	改善环境健康:减少毒素暴露	工业废物管理;污染土地和沉积物修复
微生物疗法	使用微生物疗法(例如,益生菌、后生元、益生元)进行有针对性的微生物组管理:可以减轻有害的微生物组和随之而来的环境恶化:恢复宿主和生态系统中的有益微生物组	改善有机体和环境健康,可应用于可持续实践,从而最大限度地减少温室气体排放	野生动植物和生态系统恢复与恢复;可持续农业;人类健康
氮管理	使用共生细菌改造作物以固定大气中的氮或产生生物营养抑制剂的作物	提高土壤肥力,减少肥料使用;提高植物氮素利用效率;减少富营养化和温室气体排放	可持续农业;农作物生产

策略	作用机制	作用	应用
碳封存	利用微生物增强土壤及海洋中的碳封存	减少大气中的CO₂并增强土壤、海洋的生产力以及海洋碳封存	农林业可持续性和海洋生物封存
甲烷氧化	使用甲烷营养细菌将甲烷氧化成无害化合物	降低甲烷排放并促进大气清除:减少潜在的温室气体	垃圾填埋场;牲畜管理;内陆淡水水体;湿地
生物能源	培养藻类和其他微生物用于生物燃料生产	提供可再生能源:减少对化石燃料的依赖	生物燃料生产:工业应用
生物修复	污染物和有害物质的微生物分解	改善环境健康:减少毒素暴露	工业废物管理;污染土地和沉积物修复
微生物疗法	使用微生物疗法(例如,益生菌、后生元、益生元)进行有针对性的微生物组管理:可以减轻有害的微生物组和随之而来的环境恶化:恢复宿主和生态系统中的有益微生物组	改善有机体和环境健康,可应用于可持续实践,从而最大限度地减少温室气体排放	野生动植物和生态系统恢复与恢复;可持续农业;人类健康
氮管理	使用共生细菌改造作物以固定大气中的氮或产生生物营养抑制剂的作物	提高土壤肥力,减少肥料使用;提高植物氮素利用效率;减少富营养化和温室气体排放	可持续农业;农作物生产