青藏高原东北缘何时卷入现今青藏高原构造系统?——来自西秦岭北缘漳县盆地新生代沉积记录的约束

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.12.13

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

新生代以来印度-欧亚板块持续碰撞汇聚形成号称世界第三极的青藏高原。青藏高原的扩展生长和构造变形系统形成的动力学过程是地球科学研究的重大科学问题。青藏高原东北缘新生代以来构造演化过程及其与印度-欧亚板块碰撞汇聚的动力学耦合关系研究对于揭示青藏高原扩展生长过程具有重要地质意义。尽管前人已经开展了大量研究探索,提出各种构造-隆升模型,但青藏高原东北缘何时卷入印度-欧亚碰撞汇聚的青藏高原构造系统尚未达成共识。作为青藏高原东北缘组成部分的西秦岭北缘构造带漳县地区不仅新生代地层记录齐全,而且断裂构造发育,构造变形现象丰富,是研究青藏高原东北缘新生代构造演化及印度-欧亚碰撞汇聚远程构造响应的良好区域。通过对西秦岭北缘构造带漳县地区新生代沉积盆地地层构造格架、沉积地层序列和沉积旋回等详细野外观测研究,结合区域断裂带几何学-运动学及变形历史分析,取得如下认识:(1)西秦岭北缘漳县地区新生代沉积地层主要由为不整合分隔的两套构造性质完全不同的构造地层单元组成,即渐新世—中新世伸展断陷盆地沉积和上新世再生前陆磨拉石盆地沉积;(2)渐新世—中新世时期的地壳伸展拉张构造环境与印度-欧亚碰撞汇聚的挤压环境相悖,指示了西秦岭北缘在渐新世—中新世尚未卷入现今的印度-欧亚碰撞汇聚构造系统;(3)上新世磨拉石盆地的发育标志着西秦岭北缘构造带从伸展到挤压的构造体制转换,可能指示了印度-欧亚碰撞汇聚的挤压构造作用这时才波及西秦岭北缘;(4)上新世粗砾岩、西秦岭造山带地层和中生代沉积地层共同经历了抬升剥蚀作用,形成了西秦岭北缘广泛发育的夷平面。第四纪以来夷平面的抬升和解体、现代河流侵蚀系统和多级河流阶地的出现,指示了青藏高原东北缘整体的不均匀大规模抬升而进入现今青藏高原构造系统。

关键词: 青藏高原东北缘, 西秦岭北缘构造带, 新生代, 伸展断陷盆地, 磨拉石盆地

Abstract:

Since the Cenozoic era, the continuous collisional convergence between the Indian-Eurasian Plates led to the formation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau that is often called the third pole in the world. The geodynamic process of the spreading, growth of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the formation of the tectonic system are key issues in Earth sciences. The Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its dynamic coupling relationship with the Indian-Eurasian collisional convergence have important geological constraints on the spreading and growth process of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Although various tectonic uplift models have been proposed in previous studies, there is no consensus on when the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was involved in the Indian-Eurasian collisional convergence tectonic system. The Zhangxian area on the northern margin of West Qinling, a typical region of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has not only complete Cenozoic stratigraphic records, but also well-developed faults and abundant tectonic deformation phenomena. It provides a good opportunity for studying the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the area as well as revealing the formation of the plateau tectonic system and the spatial-temporal spreading and growth model of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under the dynamic background of India-Eurasian collisional convergence. Based on a detailed field study of the stratigraphic framework, sedimentary stratigraphic sequence and sedimentary cycle of the Zhangxian Cenozoic sedimentary basin, combined with the geometry-kinematics and deformation history analyses of the regional faults, the following conclusions were reached: (1) The Zhangxian Cenozoic sedimentary stratigraphic framework is mainly composed of two tectonic stratigraphic units: Oligocene-Miocene extensional rift basin deposits and Pliocene regenerated foreland molasse basin deposits, separated by an angular unconformity. (2) The extensional tectonic setting during the Oligocene-Miocene is contrary to the compressional setting resulting from India-Eurasia collisional convergence, implying the northern margin of West Qinling was not involved in the present India-Eurasia collisional convergence system during the Oligocene-Miocene. (3) Pliocene molasse basin sedimentation marked the tectonic transition from extension to compression on the northern margin of West Qinling, which may imply the response to compression setting led by India-Eurasia collisional convergence in the area. (4) In the above area, Pliocene coarse conglomerate, strata of the western Qinling orogenic belt and Mesozoic sedimentary strata experienced uplift and denudation, finally resulting in the wide development of planation plane. Since Quaternary, the uplift and disintegration of this planation surface, and afterward the appearance of modern river system and multi-stage river terraces, marked the northeast margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau unevenly and massively uplifted and then entered into its present tectonic system.

Key words: northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, northern margin tectonic belt of West Qinling, Cenozoic, extensional faulted basin, molasse basin

中图分类号:

P542
P534.6

郭进京, 赵海涛, 刘重庆, 吴彦旺. 青藏高原东北缘何时卷入现今青藏高原构造系统?——来自西秦岭北缘漳县盆地新生代沉积记录的约束[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(5): 337-361.

GUO Jinjing, ZHAO Haitao, LIU Chongqing, WU Yanwang. When the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was involved in its present tectonic system: Constraints from the Cenozoic sedimentary sequence[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(5): 337-361.

图/表 15

图1 西秦岭区域地质简图 WQNMF-西秦岭北缘层;LMTF-临潭-岷县-宕昌断层;DZF-迭山-舟曲断层;BLJF-白龙江断层。

Fig. 1 Simplified geological map of West Qinling

图2 西秦岭北缘漳县地区地质图

Fig.2 Geological sketch map of the Zhangxian area, northern margin of West Qinling

图3 漳县F3断层及两侧中新统灰色砾岩和砂砾岩、红色砂质泥岩和黏土岩 a—F3断层及两侧产状基本一致的中新统地层;b—向北东倾F3逆冲断层剪切错断灰色砾岩;c—F3断层上盘的红色黏土岩夹薄层灰色细砾岩。

Fig.3 Miocene grey conglomerates and glutenites, red sandy mudstones and mudstone between two sides of F3 fault in the Zhangxian area

图4 西秦岭北缘漳县地区A-A'地质剖面图 a-漳河南岸山顶夷平面;b-漳河北岸韩家沟砾岩山顶夷平面;c-图2中南北向A-A'地质剖面。N2-上新统粗砾岩层;E3-N1-渐新统一中新统;K1-下白垩统河口群。剖面位置见图2中A-A'。

Fig.4 A -A' geological profile of the Zhangxian area, northern margin of West Qinling

图5 西秦岭北缘漳县地区孙家峡地质剖面图 1—砾岩;2—砂砾岩;3—粗砂岩;4—细砂岩;5—粉砂质泥岩;6—泥岩;7—泥质灰岩;8—石灰岩;9—长石石英砂岩;10—断层带;11—断层;12—地层产状。D—泥盆系大草滩岩群石英砂岩、长石石英砂岩;P—二叠系厚层灰岩;E3-N1—渐新统—中新统砾岩、砂岩、泥岩等。剖面位置见图2中B-B'。①、②和③的说明见图7中图注。

Fig.5 Geological section map of Sunjiaxia Village, Zhangxian area, northern margin of West Qinling

图6 西秦岭北缘漳县地区渐新统—中新统地层剖面图 1—砾岩;2—砂砾岩;3—粗砂岩;4—细砂岩;5—砂质泥岩或泥质砂岩;6—泥岩、页岩;7—灰色泥质灰岩;8—灰白色灰岩;9—石膏层;10—断层;11—红色碎屑岩系;12—灰色细碎屑岩-化学岩系。E3-N1—渐新统—中新统;N2—上新统。剖面位置见图2中C-C'。

Fig.6 Oligocene-Miocene stratigraphy section of the Zhangxian area, northern margin of West Qinling

图7 西秦岭北缘构造带渐新统—中新统旋回Ⅰ典型岩石类型 a—底部河床相砾岩及二叠系变质砂岩突出体(盐井沟南张家湾村河谷东山坡F4断层北侧);b—河床相砾岩层(图6中①);c—灰色-灰紫色-土黄色薄层状-纹层状泥岩夹灰白色泥灰岩和细砂岩(图6中②);d—灰色-灰绿色薄层-纹层泥岩夹薄层石膏质(图6中②顶部);e—红色粉砂质泥岩、泥岩,发育网状石膏脉(图6中③)。

Fig.7 Typical rock types of sedimentary cycle-Ⅰ of Oligocene-Miocene strata in the northern margin tectonic belt of West Qinling

图8 西秦岭北缘构造带渐新统—中新统旋回Ⅱ典型岩石类型 a—河床相砾岩夹粗砂岩;b—红色洪泛相砂质黏土岩夹河床相砾岩,发育侵蚀冲刷面;c—灰色岩系与红色岩系过渡部位:湖相细砂岩、砂质黏土岩、黏土岩,灰色-灰白色泥岩、泥灰岩;d—灰色岩系的紫红色泥岩—灰色泥岩—灰岩—蒸发岩旋回。

Fig.8 Typical rock types of sedimentary cycle-Ⅱ of Oligocene-Miocene strata in the northern margin tectonic belt of West Qinling

图9 西秦岭北缘构造带渐新统—中新统旋回Ⅲ典型岩石类型 a—旋回Ⅲ红色岩系和灰色岩系;b—薄层状红色泥岩、泥质粉砂岩和细砂岩互层;c—红色砂质黏土岩、黏土岩夹砾岩层;d—红色砂质黏土岩与细砂岩互层;e—砾岩夹层;f—红色岩系与灰色岩系分界,下部红色泥岩夹灰白色泥灰岩条带,含石膏块体;g—薄层状-纹层状灰色泥岩和灰白色泥灰岩、灰岩,含石膏脉体和团块。

Fig.9 Typical rock types of sedimentary cycle-Ⅲ of Oligocene-Miocene strata in the northern margin tectonic belt of West Qinling

图10 西秦岭北缘构造带渐新统—中新统旋回Ⅳ典型岩石类型 a—旋回Ⅲ与旋回Ⅳ过渡,下部为灰色泥岩,上部红色泥岩、砂质泥岩夹泥灰岩;b—旋回Ⅳ下部的紫红色泥岩、灰色泥岩夹钙质条带;c—旋回Ⅳ上部三角洲相红色砂质黏土岩、灰白色细砂岩和白色含砾粗砂岩;d—旋回Ⅳ顶部洪泛平原相黏土岩、细砂岩和河道砾岩旋回性沉积。

Fig.10 Typical rock types of sedimentary cycle-Ⅳ of Oligocene-Miocene strata in the northern margin tectonic belt of West Qinling

图11 西秦岭北缘渐新统—中新统沉积盆地形成构造模式图

Fig.11 Diagram of tectonic model of Oligocene-Miocene sedimentary basin, northern margin of West Qinling

图12 西秦岭北缘漳县地区上新统砾岩地层剖面 1—粗砾岩;2—中砾岩;3—细砾岩;4—细砂质砾岩;5—砂砾岩;6—红色粉砂质黏土岩;7—红色黏土岩;8—断层;9—砾岩岩性分段编号;10—图13中砾岩特征照片所在位置。E3-N1—渐新统—中新统红色砂质黏土岩、黏土岩夹灰色砂砾岩层;N2—上新统粗砾岩层。剖面位置见图2中D-D'。

Fig.12 Pliocene conglomerate stratigraphic section in the Zhangxian area, northern margin of West Qinling

图13 西秦岭北缘漳县地区上新统韩家沟砾岩岩石特征 a—上新统砾岩的丹霞地貌;b—底部分选和磨圆差的砾岩层;c—砾岩层中筛状砾岩;d—砾岩中砾石斜列指示了向北的古水流方向;e—中部磨圆度较好的、灰岩砾石为主的砾岩层;f—含巨砾的砂砾岩层。

Fig.13 Petrologic characteristics of Pliocene Hanjiagou conglomerates in the Zhangxian area, northern margin of West Qinling

图14 西秦岭北缘漳县地区上新统韩家沟砾岩古水流方向统计图

Fig.14 Statistical chart of paleocurrents of Pliocene Hanjiagou conglomerates in Zhangxian area, northern margin of West Qinling

图15 西秦岭北缘上新统韩家沟砾岩形成构造模式图

Fig.15 Diagram of tectonic model of Pliocene Hanjiagou conglomerate on the northern margin of West Qinling

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