柴北缘早新生代旋转变形特征及其构造意义

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.3.31

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青藏高原东北部作为高原北东向扩展的前缘地带,新生代以来变形十分强烈,是研究青藏高原隆升变形过程和生长模式的关键地区之一。然而高原东北部何时卷入印度-欧亚大陆碰撞挤压变形系统以及高原扩展的运动学、动力学过程和机制等仍存在很大争议。大陆碰撞及持续挤压过程往往会伴随块体及其内部的旋转变形,而古地磁磁偏角可以定量恢复块体绕垂直轴发生的旋转变形,在研究块体旋转变形方面具有其独特优势。高原东北部,尤其是柴达木盆地,缺乏早新生代的细致旋转变形研究,制约了我们对高原东北部地区早新生代的旋转变形特征及其对印度-欧亚大陆碰撞远程响应的理解。柴北缘地区出露有近乎连续完整的早新生代路乐河组-下干柴沟组地层,为研究青藏高原东北部早新生代旋转变形提供了理想场所。本文对柴北缘逆冲带北中部的驼南和高泉两剖面早新生代路乐河组和下干柴沟组地层开展精细古地磁旋转变形研究:包括在驼南剖面布设4个时间节点、24个采点260个古地磁岩心样品,高泉剖面布设2个时间节点、14个采点150个古地磁岩心样品。通过系统岩石磁学和热退磁实验分析,揭示两剖面早新生代样品的载磁矿物主要是赤铁矿,并含有少量磁铁矿;所获得31个有效采点的高温特征剩磁方向通过褶皱检验和倒转检验,指示可能是岩石沉积时期记录的原生剩磁方向。结合柴北缘中部红柳沟剖面已有古地磁数据,三剖面古地磁结果一致表明柴北缘地区在45~35 Ma期间发生了显著(约20°)逆时针旋转变形。结合东部陇中盆地同时期古地磁旋转变形记录,发现二者具有反向的共轭旋转变形关系。综合青藏高原东部早新生代(52~46 Ma)旋转变形和渐新世以来走滑断裂活动等证据,我们认为:(1)高原东北部的共轭旋转变形是该地区对印度-欧亚碰撞的远程响应,其时间不晚于中始新世(约45 Ma);(2)早新生代自喜马拉雅东构造结至高原东北部,其两侧系统的共轭旋转变形很可能是该时期喜马拉雅东构造结北北东向压入欧亚大陆引起的右旋和左旋剪切作用导致,且剪切应力及相关的地壳缩短和旋转变形等呈现自东构造结地区沿北北东向逐步向高原东北部传递的特征;(3)古新世—始新世时期高原构造变形可能主要通过南北向挤压-地壳增厚模式、渐新世以来主要以沿主要断裂带的侧向挤出模式来调整。

关键词: 青藏高原东北部, 古地磁旋转变形, 早新生代, 柴北缘, 喜马拉雅东构造结

Abstract:

The northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP) is the frontal region of the northeastward propagation of the Tibetan Plateau with intensive deformation during the Cenozoic. It is one of the key regions to study the uplift and deformation processes and decipher the growth pattern of the Tibetan Plateau. However, controversies still exist regarding the time of NETP involvement with the India-Eurasia convergent deformational system, the kinematic and geodynamic processes as well as the growth mechanism of the Tibetan Plateau. Continental collision and continuous indentation are generally accompanied by vertical-axis rotation (VAR) of blocks and their internal structures. Paleomagnetic declination has its unique advantage to quantitative determination of block rotation about a vertical axis. However, the lack of Early Cenozoic paleomagnetic rotation records in NETP, especially in the Qaidam Basin, limited our understanding of the rotation patterns in NETP as well as the far-field effect of India-Eurasia collision since the Early Cenozoic. The northern Qaidam Basin contains well exposed near successive Lulehe and Xiaganchaigou Formations and is an ideal place to study Early Cenozoic VARs of NETP. Here, we conducted detailed paleomagnetic rotation study on the Lulehe and Xiaganchaigou Formations at the Tuonan and Gaoquan localities in the northern-middle part of the northern Qaidam Basin. In total, 260 drill cores from 24 sites within 4 time-intervals from Tuonan, and 150 drill cores from 14 sites within 2 time-intervals from Gaoquan were collected. Detailed rock magnetic and thermal demagnetization experiments indicated that hematite is the dominant while magnetite the subordinate magnetic carriers. The obtained total of 31 site-mean characteristic remanent magnetization directions were validated by both fold and reversal tests, indicating they were likely primary magnetization directions. The obtained paleomagnetic results, together with results from the Hongliugou locality in the mid-northern Qaidam Basin, revealed a remarkable (~20°) counterclockwise rotation of the northern Qaidam Basin during ~45-35 Ma, which appeared to be a conjugate rotation to the significant clockwise rotation of the contemporary Longzhong Basin. Taking into account the Early Cenozoic (~52-46 Ma) rotations and Oligocene-initiated strike-slip faulting around eastern Tibetan Plateau, we believe that 1) conjugate rotations occur no later than the mid-Eocene (~45 Ma) in NETP and are the far-field effects of the India-Eurasia collision. 2) The Early Cenozoic conjugate rotation deformation from the eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS) to NETP are mostly related to a dextral, sinistral shear generated by NNE indentation of EHS into Eurasia. The compressional shear and related crustal shortening and VAR exhibit a stepwise NNE propagation from EHS to NETP during the Eocene. 3) Tectonic deformation in the Tibetan Plateau is likely mainly accommodated via NS compression and crustal-thickening in the Paleocene-Eocene, while lateral-extrusion along major faults is likely since the Oligocene.

Key words: Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, paleomagnetic rotations, Early Cenozoic, northern Qaidam marginal thrust belt, eastern Himalayan syntaxis

中图分类号:

P318.4
P542

栗兵帅, 颜茂都, 张伟林. 柴北缘早新生代旋转变形特征及其构造意义[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(4): 249-264.

LI Bingshuai, YAN Maodu, ZHANG Weilin. Early Cenozoic rotation feature in the northern Qaidam marginal thrust belt and its tectonic implications[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(4): 249-264.

图/表 9

图1 研究区位置及周缘地质简图 a—青藏高原东北部地质简图及柴北缘位置;b—柴北缘逆冲断裂带地质简图及研究剖面位置; c,d—驼南和高泉剖面地质简图及采样点位置。

Fig.1 Geological sketch of the study area and its adjacent regions

图2 驼南和高泉两剖面路乐河组和下干柴沟组露头

Fig.2 Outcrops of the Lulehe and Xiaganchaigou Formations in the Tuonan and Gaoquan sections

图3 驼南和高泉两剖面代表性样品岩石磁学结果 a—磁化率随温度变化(κ-T)曲线(红色为升温曲线,蓝色为降温曲线);b—均一化等温剩磁获得曲线及反向场退磁曲线(IRM);c—均一化顺磁校正后的磁滞回线(Hysteresis loops)。样品T53-1和T57-3来自驼南剖面,T5-1和T8-2来自高泉剖面。

Fig.3 Rock magnetic results of representative samples from the Tuonan and Gaoquan sections

图4 驼南和高泉地区代表性样品的退磁Zijderveld正交矢量投影图(地理坐标) a-h—来自驼南剖面;i-l—来自高泉剖面。

Fig.4 Orthogonal demagnetization diagrams of representative samples from the Tuonan and Gaoquan sections (in situ)

图5 驼南和高泉两剖面低温和高温分量方向等积投影图 a—低温分量;b,c—驼南和高泉剖面高温分量,上图和下图分别为样品和采点结果。红圆为样品/采点平均方向的位置,实心圆、空心圆分别代表上、下球面投影。

Fig.5 Stereo-plots of low-temperature and high-temperature components from the Tuonan and Gaoquan sections

图6 驼南和高泉两剖面各时间节点高温分量方向等积投影图 a-d—驼南剖面;e,f—高泉剖面。红圆为采点平均方向位置,实心圆、空心圆分别代表上、下球面投影。

Fig.6 Stereo-plots of high-temperature components of each time interval from the Tuonan and Gaoquan sections

表1 驼南和高泉两地区早新生代古地磁结果及相对于稳定欧亚大陆参考极旋转量

Table 1 Early Cenozoic paleomagnetic results and relative rotations compared to expected directions calculated from stable Eurasia reference poles at the Tuonan and Gaoquan sections

时间节点	年代/ Ma	误差	采样点位置		n/N	D_g	I_g	D_s	I_s	k	α₉₅	参考极位置			旋转量/(°)
时间节点	年代/ Ma	误差	纬度/(°)	经度/(°)	n/N	D_g	I_g	D_s	I_s	k	α₉₅	纬度/(°)	经度/(°)	A₉₅	旋转量/(°)
驼南地区
d	38.0	2.0	38.494 4	93.919 0	6/6	196.6	-9.4	200.1	-31.6	24.1	13.9	81.3	162.4	3.3	9.3±13.6
c	42.0	2.0	38.500 2	93.916 7	6/6	14.0	24.7	16.9	38.0	21.9	14.6	81.3	162.4	3.3	6.1±15.3
b	45.0	1.0	38.504 3	93.917 7	6/6	186.5	8.5	187.6	-35.3	32.6	11.9	80.9	162.4	3.4	-3.7±12.3
a	47.0	1.0	38.511 0	93.834 9	5/6	174.6	-35.7	177.6	-41.3	70.9	9.2	80.9	162.4	3.4	-13.7±12.3
平均方向					23/24	188.9	-14.6	191.3	-36.7	26.1	6.0	81.3	162.4	3.3	0.5±6.9
高泉地区
b	37.0	4.0	38.400 7	94.272 3	5/6	191.1	18.4	202.7	-36.5	34.3	7.5	81.3	162.4	3.3	12.0±8.3
a	48.0	4.0	38.403 3	94.280 2	3/9	181.4	44.2	184.8	-29.4	208.2	8.6	80.9	162.4	3.4	-6.5±8.7
平均方向					8/14	189.3	48.5	193.1	-30.8	48.2	8.1	81.3	162.4	3.3	2.4±8.3

图7 柴北缘地区驼南、高泉和红柳沟剖面早新生代旋转变形特征

Fig.7 Early Cenozoic paleomagnetic rotations of the Tuonan, Gaoquan and Hongliugou sections in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin

图8 青藏高原新生代两阶段变形过程 a—始新世时期,喜马拉雅东构造结北北东向揳入欧亚大陆引起共轭剪切应力导致喜马拉雅东构造结附近和高原东北部共轭旋转变形;b—早渐新世以来,高原周缘一系列大型边界走滑和逆冲断裂带活动并伴随块体显著的顺时针旋转变形调整高原东向挤出。QB—柴达木盆地;LZB—陇中盆地;XLB—下拉秀盆地;GJB—贡觉盆地;ATF—阿尔金断裂;LMST—龙门山断裂带;KKF—喀喇昆仑断裂;XSH-XJ—鲜水河—小江断裂带;ASRR—哀牢山—红河断裂带;GLF—高黎贡断裂;SGF—实皆断裂。

Fig.8 Two-stage evolution of the Cenozoic deformation of the Tibetan Plateau

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