高温硬岩受控钻进新技术、新方法及应用

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.7.13

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来,随着能源资源开发和地球系统科学研究需求的不断增长,钻探深度不断增大,施工过程中面临地层温度高、岩石硬度大、钻进效率低、成本高、事故多等问题。为了解决上述问题,国外对耐高温井下动力钻具、高效碎岩工具、随钻测量工具、降温冷却设备等钻进关键技术开展了针对性研究,相关研究成果已应用于油气钻探、高温地热等领域。国内虽也进行了研究,但与国外研究水平相比,尚有一定差距。本文分析了我国高温硬岩井钻进面临的技术难点,总结了技术需求,对钻进新方法、技术特性和示范应用情况进行了介绍,并立足国内既有装备基础,提出将高速强保径牙轮钻头、耐高温单弯螺杆钻具和耐高温MWD组合,配合耐高温钻井液、地面钻井液强制冷却系统与分段循环降温技术,实现高温硬岩受控钻探。建议后续开展长寿命固定齿钻头、全金属井下动力钻具、冲击钻具和耐高温MWD组合研究,进一步提高高温硬岩钻进施工效率。

关键词: 高温, 硬岩, 受控钻井, 冷却系统

Abstract:

The depth of well drilling has been continuously rising in recent years with the increasing demands for energy resources development and earth systems research. Problems encountered in deep drilling include high formation temperature, high rock hardness, low drilling efficiency, high cost and frequent accidents. Key drilling technologies such as downhole motors, efficient drill bits, measurement-while-drilling tools and mud cooling systems have been researched abroad to address the above problems; the research results have been applied in the fields of oil and gas drilling, high-temperature geothermal exploration, etc. Relevant researches have also been conducted in China, but gap exists compared to the level of research abroad. This paper analyzes the technical difficulties in drilling high-temperature hard rock well in China and summarizes the technical requirements. A new drilling method, along with its technical characteristics and application results, are also introduced. The new method, in principle, seeks to utilize the existing equipments to achieve directional drilling of deep wells. It uses a bottom hole assembly (BHA) consisting of high-speed, strong diameter-retaining tri-con drill bits, high-temperature resistance positive displacement motor (PDM) and measurement-while-drilling (MWD) technique, and combines with high-temperature resistance drilling fluid, mud cooling system and segmented circulating cooling technology. However, future researches are needed in the areas of durable drill bits (e.g., polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) and impregnated diamond drill bits), all metal downhole motors, impact drilling tools and high-temperature resistance MWD.

Key words: high temperature, hard rock, directional drilling, mud cooling system

中图分类号:

P634.5

翁炜, 吴烁, 贺云超, 蔺文静, 冯美贵, 甘浩男, 李晓东. 高温硬岩受控钻进新技术、新方法及应用[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(6): 120-129.

WENG Wei, WU Shuo, HE Yunchao, LIN Wenjing, FENG Meigui, GAN Haonan, LI Xiaodong. New technologies, methodology and application in directional high-temperature hard rock drilling—a critical review[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(6): 120-129.

图/表 12

图1 贝克休斯Vangaurd 牙轮钻头

Fig.1 Baker Hughes Vangaurd premium tri-cone drill bit

图2 异型PDC复合片

Fig.2 PDCs with abnormal shapes

图3 史密斯Kinetic孕镶金刚石钻头

Fig.3 Smith Kinetic impregnated diamond drill bit

图4 探工所NR826M孕镶金刚石钻头

Fig.4 BJIEE NR826M impregnated diamond drill bit

图5 全金属螺杆马达

Fig.5 All-metal PDM

图6 涡轮钻具定转子

Fig.6 Turbine section of turbodrill

图7 旋转冲击钻具

Fig.7 Rotary and impact drilling tool

表1 工程参数测量仪性能参数

Table 1 Technical parameters for measuring tool BJIEE-02-172

钻压/kN	扭矩/(kN·m)	环空压力/MPa	转速/(r·min^-1)	三轴振动量/g	工作温度/℃	最大承压/MPa	外径/内径
300	30	0~140	0~255	0~20	175	140	φ178 mm/φ72 mm
(±5%)	(±5%)	(±5%)	(±1)	(±5%)

表2 GH-03井钻井液入井老化24 h前后性能表

Table 2 Change of drilling fluid performances before and after 24-hour aging in well GH-03

对比项	密度/ (g·cm^-3)	漏斗黏度/s	表观黏度/ (mPa·s)	塑性黏度/ (mPa·s)	动切力/ Pa	动塑比	静切力/ (Pa·Pa^-1)		API 滤失量/mL	HTHP 滤失量/mL	pH
入井前数值	1.18	78	39	26	13	0.5	5/16	6.4		10.1	9
入井后数值	1.19	60	29	19	10	0.53	4/10	6.8		11.6	9

图8 风冷喷淋式强制冷却系统

Fig.8 Air-cooled spray type mud cooling system

表3 冷却系统主要技术参数

Table 3 Main technical parameters for cooling system

进水温度/℃	温差/℃	出水温度/℃	冷却风机功率/kW	系统处理量/ (m³·h^-1)	管线额定工作压力/MPa
80~90	20~25	55~60	5.5×2	180	0.6

表4 井下降温冷却技术在GH-03井应用效果

Table 4 Effectiveness of downhole cooling technology in well GH-03

井深/m	井底静温/℃	分段循环井底温度/℃	开启冷却系统循环温度/℃
3 179.72	171.9	143.2	113.9
3 546.59	185.9	154.6	124.3
3 865.35	198.6	166.3	132.8

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