华北中东部高温地热能成因机制

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.7.9

地学前缘 ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (6): 31-51.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.7.9

华北中东部高温地热能成因机制

康凤新¹^,²(), 张保建³^,^*(), 崔洋⁴, 姚松⁴, 史猛⁵, 秦鹏⁶, 隋海波⁴, 郑婷婷¹^,², 李嘉龙¹^,², 杨海涛¹^,², 李传磊⁴, 刘春伟⁴

1.山东科技大学地球科学与工程学院, 山东青岛 266592
2.山东省地热清洁能源重点实验室, 山东济宁 272000
3.中国地质科学院, 北京100037
4.山东省地矿工程勘察院, 山东济南 250014
5.山东省第三地质矿产勘查院, 山东烟台 264000
6.山东省国土空间生态修复中心, 山东济南 250014

收稿日期:2024-02-25 修回日期:2024-08-16 出版日期:2024-11-25 发布日期:2024-11-25
通信作者: *张保建(1972—),男,博士,正高级工程师,从事地热、水文及环境地质研究工作。E-mail: zbjsddk@126.com
作者简介:康凤新(1968—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水文地质、地热地质研究工作。E-mail: kangfengxin@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42072331);国家自然科学基金项目(U1906209);泰山学者工程专项经费资助项目(tstp20230626);中国工程科技发展战略山东研究院咨询研究项目(202302SDZD02)

Formation of high-temperature geothermal reservoirs in central and eastern North China

KANG Fengxin¹^,²(), ZHANG Baojian³^,^*(), CUI Yang⁴, YAO Song⁴, SHI Meng⁵, QIN Peng⁶, SUI Haibo⁴, ZHENG Tingting¹^,², LI Jialong¹^,², YANG Haitao¹^,², LI Chuanlei⁴, LIU Chunwei⁴

1. College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Geothermal Clean Energy, Jining 272000, China
3. Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
4. Shandong Provincial Geo-mineral Engineering Exploration Institute, Jinan 250014, China
5. Shandong No.3 Exploration Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Yantai 264000, China
6. Shandong Provincial Territorial Spatial Ecological Restoration Center, Jinan 250014, China

Received:2024-02-25 Revised:2024-08-16 Online:2024-11-25 Published:2024-11-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国已发现的150 ℃以上的高温地热资源及其成因机制研究集中分布在地中海—喜马拉雅地热带的西藏南部和云南、四川西部,环太平洋地热带的台湾省。近年来,华北中东部高温地热资源探测取得突破:2019年在河北省马头营3 965 m深钻获了151 ℃的高温花岗岩干热岩体,2020年在山西省天镇县1 586 m深钻获167 ℃的高温片麻岩裂隙热储地热流体,2023年在山东省东营市桩西地区4 283 m深钻获167.5 ℃的高温碳酸盐岩岩溶热储;因此,亟需对华北中东部高温地热资源成因机制进行系统研究。本文以上述高温地热田为例,分析华北克拉通破坏、壳幔热物质上涌对地壳浅部高温热异常作用的动力学过程,结合地球物理、地球化学和钻探成果,阐明深部地球动力地质作用对地球浅部高温地温场的塑造和高温热异常制约机制,揭示深部高温热源机制及其上涌通道,形成深部高温热源及其上涌通道和热能聚集构造部位识别技术;阐释典型地段高温地热资源成因机制及其对华北中东部高温地热探测的示范意义。(1)在印欧板块碰撞的远场效应和西太平洋板块俯冲回撤作用下,华北克拉通破坏造成岩石圈减薄、软流圈上涌和热侵蚀、伸展断陷盆地及深大走滑断裂发育等深部地球动力作用,是幔源热物质上涌至地壳浅部的主要驱动力。(2)高导低速体、地球化学证据和高温地热资源分布形成了良好的对应关系,认为幔源热物质向上侵入引起了浅层热异常,为高温地热形成提供了稳定热源;岩石圈构造薄弱带如板块边缘带和切入岩石圈的深大走滑断裂构成了幔源热物质向上侵入的主要通道。(3)凹凸相间的构造格局和地下水流场主导了地壳浅部的热量分布,在浅部岩石热导率差异驱动形成的“热折射”效应下,热流由凹陷区向凸起区聚集,形成古潜山高温热异常。

关键词: 深部地球动力, 幔源热, 上涌通道, 聚热, 高温热储, 华北板块

Abstract:

High-temperature geothermal reservoirs with temperature above 150 ℃ have been successively discovered in China—mainly in southern Tibet, Yunnan and Sichuan in the Mediterranean-Himalayan geothermal belt, and Taiwan in the Pacific Rim geothermal belt. In recent years breakthroughs in high-temperature geothermal prospecting have also been made in cental and eastern North China. For example, in 2019 in Hebei, granite dry hot rock mass with a temperature of 151 ℃ was drilled at a depth of 4000 m in Matouying. In 2020, a geothermal fluid of 167 ℃ in high temperature gneiss fissure reservoir was drilled at 1586 m depth in Tianzhen County, Shanxi Province. And in 2023 in Shandong, a high-temperature Ordovician limestone karst reservoir with a temperature of 167.5 ℃ was drilled at 4283 m depth in Zhuanxi area, Dongying City. It is therefore an urgent task to systematically study the formation of high-temperature geothermal reservoirs in this region as well as related exploration technologies. Taking the above three high-temperature geothermal fields as examples, this paper analyzes the dynamic process underlying the effect of regional crust-mantle structure, deep geological processes—such as crust-mantle upwelling and Moho uplift-on the shallow high-temperature thermal anomalies in the Earth’s crust. Combined with geophysical and geochemical studies and exploration results, this paper explains how deep geodynamic processes shape the Earth’s shallow geothermal field and constrain high-temperature thermal anomalies, and discusses technologies to identify deep heat sources, upwelling channels and thermal energy gathering structures. The paper also explores the formation mechanism of high-temperature geothermal reservoirs in typical locations and its significance for high-temperature geothermal exploration in central and eastern North China. Briefly, (1) under the far field effect of the India-Eurasia plate collision and subduction retreat of the Western Pacific plate, the destruction of the North China Craton (NCC) leads to deep geodynamic processes—such as lithospheric thinning, asthenospheric upwelling and thermal erosion, extensional rift basin and deep strike-slip fault development—which are the main driving forces behind the upwelling of mantle-derived molten material to the shallow crust. (2) There is a good corresponding relationship between a high conductivity-low velocity-low resistivity body, geochemical evidence and high-temperature geothermal resource distribution. Therefore, it is believed that the upward infiltration of molten materials causes shallow thermal anomalies, and the molten/semi-molten magma sac in the crust provides a stable heat source to form high-temperature geothermal reservoirs. The weak lithospheric structures-such as plate margin zones and deep strike-slip faults—cut into the lithosphere, constituting the main channels for the upward infiltration of the molten material. (3) The concave-convex tectonic pattern and groundwater flow field mainly control the heat distribution in the shallow crust. Under the “thermal refraction” effect driven by the difference in thermal conductivity of shallow rocks, heat flow accumulates from the sag to the uplift, forming high-temperature thermal anomalies in ancient buried hills.

Key words: deep dynamic processes, mantle-derived heat, upwelling channel, heat accumulation, high temperature reservoir, central and eastern North China Block

中图分类号:

P314

康凤新, 张保建, 崔洋, 姚松, 史猛, 秦鹏, 隋海波, 郑婷婷, 李嘉龙, 杨海涛, 李传磊, 刘春伟. 华北中东部高温地热能成因机制[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(6): 31-51.

KANG Fengxin, ZHANG Baojian, CUI Yang, YAO Song, SHI Meng, QIN Peng, SUI Haibo, ZHENG Tingting, LI Jialong, YANG Haitao, LI Chuanlei, LIU Chunwei. Formation of high-temperature geothermal reservoirs in central and eastern North China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(6): 31-51.

图/表 20

图1 华北克拉通破坏的地球动力学过程与中东部减薄的地壳和岩石圈及大同—马头营—桩西高温热储分布图(据文献[37⇓-39]修改)

Fig.1 The diagram shows the geodynamic processes underlying the destruction of the NCC, the thinning of the crust and lithosphere,and the distribution of the three high-temperature geothermal reservoirs in the study area. Modified after [37⇓-39].

图2 华北地区活动构造简图(据文献[40]修改)

Fig.2 Plate tectonics map of central and eastern North China. Modified after [40].

图3 山西断陷带形成的深部动力学背景示意图(据文献[47]修改) 红色—发现幔源包体残留的地点;红色虚线—正在遭受岩浆岩侵入;紫色虚线—已经冷却的古近纪早期底侵岩浆岩;白色虚线—南北分界线。

Fig.3 Deep geodynamic evidence for the formation of the Shanxi fault-depression belt. Modified after [47].

图4 华北中东部典型地热钻孔测温曲线图

Fig.4 Typical well temperature logging curves in central and eastern North China

图5 渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷马头营潜凸起M-1、M-5钻孔测温曲线与地温梯度曲线(据文献[53]修改)

Fig.5 Temperature logging and geothermal gradient curves of M-1 and M-2 in Matouying sub-bulge, Huanghua depression. Modified after [53].

图6 渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷桩西潜山东营港ZK1钻孔测温曲线与地温梯度曲线

Fig.6 Temperature logging and geothermal gradient curves of ZK1, Dongyinggang, Zhuangxi buried hill, Jiyang depression.

图7 华北地区岩石圈厚度图(据文献[60]修改)

Fig.7 Lithospheric thickness map of North China. Modified after [60].

图8 华北地区莫霍面等深线图(据文献[61]修改)

Fig.8 Contour map of the Moho depth in North China. Modified after [61].

图9 渤海湾盆地大地构造剖面示意图(据文献[71]修改) ① 唐山—河间—磁县走滑断裂带;② 黄骅—东明走滑断裂带;③ 郯庐走滑断裂带。

Fig.9 A schematic tectonic profile of the Bohai Bay Basin. Modified after [71].

图10 大同及周边三维剪切波速度结构(据文献[73]修改) 黑色虚线—岩石圈—软流圈界面(the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB));黑色实线—Moho面;黑色箭头—软流圈物质运移方向。

Fig.10 Three-dimensional shear-wave velocity structure in Datong and surrounding areas. Modified after [73].

图11 S波速度模型垂直剖面(黑色实线为Moho面)(据文献[78]修改)

Fig.11 Vertical sections of the S-wave velocity model. Modified after [78].

图12 剖面P波速度结构(a)和vp/vs波速比分布图(b)(据文献[79]修改) 空心圆从左至右:1998年张北6.2级地震;1679年三河8.0级地震;1976年唐山7.0级地震。灰色箭头:低速体流动趋势。

Fig.12 P-wave velocity structure (a) and vp/vs-wave velocity ratio (b) along a seismic profile. Modified after [79].

图13 张家口—渤海地震带电性结构解释图(据文献[80])

Fig.13 Electrical structure interpretation diagram of the Zhangbo seismic belt. Adapted from [80].

图14 大同玄武岩87Sr/86Sr —143Nd/144Nd(a)和εNd(t)—εHf(t)(b)图解(据文献[81])

Fig.14 Nd—Sr (left) and Nd—Hf (right) isotope illustration diagrams for Datong basalts. Adapted from [81].

图15 天镇—阳高地区RC/RA—4He/20Ne关系图(据文献[82]修改)

Fig.15 RC/RA—4He/20Ne plot for the Tianzhen—Yanggao area. Modified after [82].

图16 渤海湾盆地坳陷内构造及其岩石圈结构(据文献[87]补充修改)

Fig.16 Tectonic and lithospheric structures of the Bohai Bay Basin. Modified after [87].

图17 大同天镇高温地热系统热源与水源机制图(据文献[52]修改)

Fig.17 A conceptual model of the formation of high-temperature geothermal system in Tianzhen. Modified after [52].

图18 渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷马头营潜凸起高温花岗岩干热岩成因机制图(据文献[30]修改)

Fig.18 A conceptual model of the formation of hot dry rocks in Matouying. Modified after [30].

图19 渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷桩西潜山岩溶发育机理与聚热机制图 1 —第四系—新近系;2—古近系;3—中生界;4—寒武系—奥陶系;5—太古宙花岗岩;6—成岩压密水流向;7—岩溶发育带;①—高大地热流传导聚热;②—凸起区高热导率分流聚热;③—深大断裂带对流聚热;④—成岩压密水对流聚热。

Fig.19 Mechanism of heat accumulation and karst development in the Zhuangxi buried hill

图20 渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷桩西潜山地温梯度剖面图

Fig.20 Geothermal gradient profile of the Zhuangxi buried hill

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华北中东部高温地热能成因机制

Formation of high-temperature geothermal reservoirs in central and eastern North China

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