地学前缘 ›› 2020, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (3): 133-153.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2019.12.3
束今赋
收稿日期:
2019-03-10
修回日期:
2019-10-12
出版日期:
2020-05-20
发布日期:
2020-05-20
作者简介:
束今赋(1942—),男,美国华盛顿卡内基研究院地球物理实验室研究员,2015年退休后,应聘为北京高压科学研究中心特聘研究员,长期从事高压实验技术、高压物理、地球与行星内部科学、高压化学、高压材料学等高压科学与技术的研究。
基金资助:
SHU Jinfu
Received:
2019-03-10
Revised:
2019-10-12
Online:
2020-05-20
Published:
2020-05-20
摘要:
上天、入地、下海,进行极端条件下的矿物学研究,研究微矿物,发现新矿物。主要利用金刚石压机,结合使用国内外同步辐射X-光源、中子源,以及其他多种物理的、化学的、光学的测试手段(如岩石矿物化学分析,光薄片测定,电子探针,离子探针,扫描电镜,透射电镜,红外、紫外、拉曼光谱,激光加热等),对来自天外的陨石、陨石坑样品、地球深处地幔源矿物以及海底甲烷水合物进行了一些研究。模拟不同温度和压力下各种不同成分的矿物材料的晶体结构、物理和化学性质。文章着重研究从地球内核到地壳海底的各种不同组分在不同温度、压力极端环境下形成的各种各样的典型矿物:从金属固体内核和金属液体外核中的ε-Fe到核幔边界(CMB)地球D″层的后钙钛矿(Post-Perovskite)结构(ppv)镁铁硅酸盐(Mg,Fe)SiO3,从下地幔中的铁磁性钙钛矿(Perovskite)结构(pv)镁铁硅酸盐布里奇曼石(Bridgmanite)(Mg,Fe)SiO3、镁铁氧化物(Fe,Mg)O和后尖晶石(Post-Spinel)结构的含Fe3+毛河光矿(Maohokite)(HP-Mg$Fe^{3+}_{2}O_{4}$)到过渡带、上地幔和地壳中的镁铁硅酸盐、硅氧化物、铬铁氧化物和金刚石及其内含物以及甲烷水合物(CH4·H2O)等。进行高温高压极端条件下的矿物学研究,为探索地球结构性质、形成动力和发展历史提供了新的窗口。
中图分类号:
束今赋. 上天、入地、下海:极端条件下矿物学研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(3): 133-153.
SHU Jinfu. Space, Earth, ocean: mineralogical studies under extreme conditions[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(3): 133-153.
图2 ε-铁同步辐射流变试验 a—全景金刚石压机;b—同步辐射X-射线图;c—地球内核ε-铁晶体显示出强烈的择优选取向的反极点图。
Fig.2 (a) High pressure diamond press. (b, c) Results of synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiment on ε-iron.
图3 左图:核幔边界(CMB)区域;右图:低速和超低速区域(LVZ, ULVZ),富铁后钛矿(ppv) 具CaIrO3结构的FexMg1-xSiO3,能容纳Fe浓度高达x=0.8,可以解释D″层中LVZ、ULVZ的存在
Fig.3 (Left) Core-mantle boundary (CMB). (Right) Low and ultra-low velocity zones (LVZ, ULVZ), where Fe-rich post-perovskite (ppv) FexMg1-xSiO3 with CaIrO3 structure can have Fe concentration as high as x=0.8, which may explain the presence of LVZ and ULVZ in the D″ layer.
图4 方铁矿FeO Wüstite晶体结构类型;自左起,在室温低压下方铁矿具有相同的等轴晶系石盐(B1)结构,在高温高压下转变为菱形结构,随着温度压力增加且压力超过90 GPa时转变为高度畸变菱形、红砷镍矿NiAs(B8或α-B8)结构
Fig.4 The crystal structure of Wüstite FeO, showing progressive transformations under increasing p-T. From left: cubic NaCl (Bl) structure at room temperature and lower pressure; rhombohedral structure at high p-T; highly distorted rhombohedral and NiAs (B8 or α-B8) structures at p> 90 GPa.
图5 毛河光矿(HPM)和纳米金刚石(D)图像 a—毛河光矿(HPM)和纳米金刚石(D)背散射电子图;b—纳米金刚石电子衍射图;c—毛河光矿电子衍射图;d—毛河光矿和纳米金刚石X射线衍射图;e—毛河光矿和纳米金刚石拉曼光谱。
Fig.5 Maohokite (HPM) and nanodiamonds (D). (a-c) Photomicrographs; (d) X-ray diffraction pattern; and (e) Raman spectrum.
图6 铬铁矿结构及谱图 a—铬铁矿FeCr2O4尖晶石结构;b—CF CaFe2O4后尖晶石结构型高温高压铬铁矿:陈鸣矿Chenmingite;c—CT CaTi2O4后尖晶石结构型高温高压铬铁矿:谢氏石Xieite;d—铬铁矿和高温高压铬铁矿背散射电子图;e—铬铁矿和高温高压铬铁矿X-光衍射图;f—铬铁矿和高温高压铬铁矿拉曼图谱。
Fig.6 Crystal structures and spectrometric analysis of chromites. (a) FeCr2O4 structure;(b) Structure of high p-T FeCr2O4 (CF) from hemingite; (c) Structure of high p-T FeCr2O4 (CT) from Xieite;(d) Electron back scattering pattern; (e) X-ray diffraction patterns; and (f) Raman spectra.
图7 中国山东蒙阴含石墨包裹体(a)和Venezuela金伯利岩含柯石英包裹体(b)的金刚石晶体 a—中国山东蒙阴金伯利岩一颗结晶很好含石墨单晶包裹体金刚石单晶;b—Venezuelan金刚石中的柯石英包裹体,较大的颗粒被裂缝包围(靠近中心),较小的三角形颗粒周围没有裂缝(右上侧),金刚石约2 mm。
Fig.7 (a) Kimberlitic diamond single crystal with graphite single crystal inclusion from Shandong, China. (b) Venezuela kimberlitic diamond with coesite inclusions.
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