内蒙古欧布拉格斑岩型铜金矿床中磷灰石类型、特征及其对成矿的指示

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.12.128

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

欧布拉格斑岩型铜金矿床位于中亚—蒙古成矿带中的狼山成矿带,是典型的与流体相关的矿床。通过岩相学、阴极发光特征和主微量元素分析发现矿床中存在两类磷灰石。Ap-Ⅰ 常在角闪石、黑云母中呈包体产出,粒度较大,在100~200 μm,自形,具暗绿色-褐色阴极发光,为典型的硅酸盐熔体结晶的磷灰石。Ap-Ⅱ 多分布于流体造成的矿物裂隙中,与硫化物、方解石、多硅白云母、钾长石、钠长石、金红石等平衡共生构成流体晶矿物组合,粒度较小,多在30~50 μm,自形-半自形,阴极发光呈绿色-黄绿色,为与挥发分流体相关磷灰石。Ap-Ⅱ 与Ap-Ⅰ相比,具相对高的F、SiO₂、Al₂O₃、MnO、SO₃等主量元素含量和高的δEu,低的Ga含量和Th/U值,表明挥发分流体为富F、Si、Al、Mn的氧化流体。同时Ap-Ⅱ 也具高的W、Bi、Sn含量和高于地幔标准值的Nb/Ta值及通过共生矿物金红石Zr温度计计算得到的784.69 ℃的生成温度,表明与成矿相关的挥发分流体是一种高温超临界流体。早先生成的Ap-Ⅰ、石榴石等矿物放射状裂隙发育,表明其经历了流体超压作用。这些特征刻画了富F、Si、Al 和Mn的外源深部高温氧化(超临界)流体携带金属参与了成矿作用。

关键词: 磷灰石, 富F、Si超临界流体, 流体超压作用, 欧布拉格斑岩型铜金矿床, 内蒙古

Abstract:

The Oubulage porphyry Cu-Au deposit, situated in the Langshan metallogenic belt within the Central Asia-Mongolia metallogenic province, represents a typical magmatic-hydrothermal system. Petrographic analysis, cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, and major-trace element geochemistry reveal two distinct generations of apatite. The first type (Ap-I) occurs as inclusions within hornblende and biotite, showing coarse grain sizes (100-200 μm), euhedral morphologies, and dark green to brown CL emissions—features indicative of direct crystallization from a silicate melt. In contrast, the second type (Ap-II) is mainly distributed along mineral fractures related to fluid activity and is paragenetic with sulfides, calcite, phengite, K-feldspar, albite, and rutile, forming a fluid-dominated mineral assemblage. Ap-II is finer-grained (30-50 μm), exhibits euhedral to subhedral forms, and emits green to yellowish-green CL, reflecting crystallization from volatile-rich hydrothermal fluids. Compared with Ap-I, Ap-II shows higher concentrations of F, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, MnO, and SO₃, along with elevated δEu values, and lower Ga contents and Th/U ratios—implying involvement of oxidized, F-, Si-, Al-, and Mn-rich fluids. Additionally, Ap-II is enriched in W, Bi, and Sn, displays higher Nb/Ta ratios than mantle values, and corresponds to a formation temperature of 784.7 ℃ (based on the Zr-in-rutile thermometer), suggesting the ore-forming fluids were high-temperature, supercritical in nature. The presence of radial fractures in early-formed Ap-I, garnet, and other minerals further indicates the influence of fluid overpressure. Collectively, these features point to deep-sourced, oxidized, high-temperature supercritical fluids enriched in F, Si, Al, and Mn that played a key role in metal transport and mineralization.

Key words: Apatite, F- and Si-rich supercritical fluid, fluid overpressure, Oubulage porphyry copper-gold deposit, Inner Mongolia

中图分类号:

钟景雨, 张雅南, 苏尚国, 陈学根. 内蒙古欧布拉格斑岩型铜金矿床中磷灰石类型、特征及其对成矿的指示[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(5): 308-325.

ZHONG Jingyu, ZHANG Yanan, SU Shangguo, CHEN Xuegen. Types, characteristics of apatite and its metallogenic indications in the Oubulage porphyry copper-gold deposit, Inner Mongolia[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(5): 308-325.

图/表 14

图1 研究区大地构造位置图(据文献[32]修改)

Fig.1 Tectonic location map of the study area. Modified after [32].

图2 欧布拉格斑岩型铜金矿床矿区地质图(a)和矿体剖面图(b)

Fig.2 Geological map of the mining area of the Oubulage porphyry copper-gold deposit (a) and sectional diagram of the ore body (b)

图3 欧布拉格铜金矿床两类磷灰石镜下特征图 a—角闪石包裹磷灰石;b—石英斑岩基质中的磷灰石;c—分布在硫化物中的磷灰石;d—石榴子石破碎被金红石、磷灰石、钾长石等矿物共生组合充填。Ap—磷灰石; Hb—角闪石;Sul—硫化物;Grt—石榴石;Kp—钾长石;Rt—金红石。

Fig.3 Microscopic characteristics of two types of apatite in the Oubulage Cu-Au deposit (a) Apatite is enclosed within hornblende; (b) Apatite in the quartz porphyry matrix; (c) Apatite distributed within sulfides; (d) Garnet fractured and filled with mineral assemblage of rutile, apatite, and K-feldspar. Ap—apatite; Hb—hornblende; Sul—sulfides; Grt—garnet; Kp—K-feldspar; Rt—rutile.

图4 欧布拉格铜金矿床两类磷灰石CL图像 Ap—磷灰石;Hb—角闪石;Cal—方解石;Rt—金红石;Sul—硫化物;Qtz—石英。a—角闪石包裹磷灰石的CL图像;b—角闪石破碎被方解石、磷灰石充填的CL图像;c—方解石、金红石、磷灰石共生组合的CL图像;d—分布在硫化物中的石英、磷灰石的CL图像。

Fig.4 CL images of two types of apatite in the Oubulage Cu-Au deposit Ap—apatite; Hb—hornblende; Cal—calcite; Rt—rutile; Sul—sulfides; Qtz—quartz. (a) CL image of apatite encluded within hornblende; (b) CL image of broken hornblende filled with calcite and apatite; (c) CL image of the paragenetic assemblage of calcite, rutile and apatite; (d) CL image of quartz and apatite distributed in sulfides.

表1 磷灰石主量元素含量

Table 1 Major element contents of apatite

图5 欧布拉格铜金矿床中磷灰石主量元素图解

Fig.5 Major element plots of apatite in the Oubulage Cu-Au deposit

表2 磷灰石微量元素含量

Table 2 Content of trace elements in apatite

图6 磷灰石球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式图(标准化值据文献[38])

Fig.6 Chondrite-normalized REE pattern diagram of apatite. The normalized values adapted from [38].

图7 磷灰石SiO2-FeO(a)与SiO2-MnO(b)图解(底图据文献[24])

Fig.7 Diagrams of apatite SiO2-FeO (a) and SiO2-MnO (b). Adapted from [24].

图8 磷灰石微量元素二元图解

Fig.8 Binary diagram of trace elements in apatite

表3 金红石主量元素

Table 3 Major elements of rutile

样品号	w_B/%
样品号	Al₂O₃	Cr₂O₃	FeO	Nb₂O₅	SiO₂	SnO₂	Ta₂O₅	TiO₂	V₂O₃	WO₃	ZrO₂	K₂O	CaO	Total
B1-Rt-1	0.07	0.02	0.63	0.62	0.06	0.79	0.07	97.04	0.41	0.25	0.30	—	—	100.26
B1-Rt-2	0.03	0.01	0.50	0.54	0.14	0.27	0.03	98.01	0.31	0.04	0.12	—	—	100.00
B1-Rt-3	0.07	—	0.65	0.47	0.27	0.28	0.04	97.42	0.34	0.20	0.09	—	—	99.83
B1-Rt-4	0.12	0.02	0.55	0.58	0.34	0.28	0.09	96.58	0.25	0.40	0.11	—	—	99.32
B1-Rt-5	0.03	0.05	0.66	0.45	0.17	0.44	0.05	97.20	0.51	0.26	0.14	—	—	99.96
B2042-Rt-1	0.45	—	1.72	—	0.32	—	—	96.03	—	—	0.11	0.18	0.04	98.85
B2042-Rt-2	0.21	0.02	1.03	—	0.12	—	—	98.58	—	—	0.11	0.17	0.04	100.28
B2042-Rt-3	0.31	—	2.19	—	0.30	—	—	95.70	—	—	0.16	0.07	0.07	98.80
B2042-Rt-4	0.28	—	0.96	—	0.08	—	—	98.79	—	—	0.17	0.16	0.04	100.48
B2042-Rt-5	0.32	—	0.33	—	0.48	—	—	97.87	—	—	0.12	0.15	0.20	99.47

表4 金红石结晶温度

Table 4 Crystallization temperatures of rutile

样品号	ZrO₂含量/%	t/℃
B1-Q1-Rt-1	0.30	879.00
B1-Q1-Rt-2	0.12	769.39
B1-Q1-Rt-3	0.09	740.43
B1-Q1-Rt-4	0.11	759.70
B1-Q1-Rt-5	0.14	789.32
B2042-Q4-Rt-3	0.11	763.20
B2042-Q4-Rt-4	0.11	761.68
B2042-Q5-Rt-1	0.16	803.76
B2042-Q5-Rt-2	0.17	808.74
B2042-Q5-Rt-4	0.12	771.63

图9 磷灰石δEu-Nb/Ta图解

Fig.9 δEu vs. Nb/Ta diagram of apatite

图10 欧布拉格斑岩型铜金矿床岩石、矿石手标本图 a—含硫化物珠滴石英斑岩;b—具气孔矿石。

Fig.10 Hand specimen photographs of rocks and ores from the Oubulage porphyry copper-gold deposit a—Quartz porphyry with sulfide droplets; b—Ore with vesicles.

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