俄罗斯-蒙古地学断面地壳模型的地质-地球物理资料综合研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.3.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地学断面是指地壳的垂直剖面,主要通过对地质和地球物理资料的综合分析来揭示构造带的性质及其空间关系。横断面的研究所采用的数据基本包括100 km宽区域地质图、上地壳的地质剖面图、重磁图(沿横断面的重磁剖面图)以及地壳的地震波速度、密度和其他地球物理属性的剖面图。这些数据被用于构建综合的数据剖面图(结果图),以展示各种地球动力学条件下(裂谷、海洋、碰撞带、造山盆地、大陆地台和岩浆弧,包括安第斯岛弧、活动大陆边缘、海沟、弧前和弧后盆地)的特定的岩石组构。本项目的研究目标是根据研究区现存的地质和地球物理数据的综合解释,统一图例,建立研究区深部剖面,以确定地体的空间关系及其在板块构造方面的地球动力学性质。
前人已分别对东西伯利亚南部和蒙古境内的多个地体进行了构造划分,并对它们的地球动力学性质和时空关系进行了分析。研究结果显示该系列地体为早古生代、中晚古生代和晚古生代—早中生代的岛弧和微大陆。此外,研究还识别出了中—晚古生代和晚古生代—早中生代安第斯型活动大陆边缘、晚古生代—早中生代被动大陆边缘和早白垩世裂谷。与岛弧和安第斯型活动大陆边缘相关的岩体被推覆至相邻大陆和微陆块上,部分推覆宽度可达150 km。目前已开展泥盆纪到晚侏罗世时期蒙古-鄂霍次克海地区的古地球动力学重建。
“非地槽”型花岗岩类岩浆作用在板块构造方面找到了直接且合理的解释,其中泥盆纪—石炭纪和二叠纪—三叠纪岩浆作用区域对应于安第斯型活动大陆边缘,中—晚侏罗世岩浆作用则与西伯利亚/蒙古-中国大陆板块碰撞有关。碰撞岩浆作用中亚碱性(地幔)元素的存在及其所在的构造区域在很大程度可以说明蒙古-鄂霍次克海闭合后,巨厚大陆岩石圈下曾经发生过持续的大洋裂谷活动(地幔热点)。在早白垩世时期,大陆裂谷活动影响到了同一时期正在发生的大陆汇聚作用。
西伯利亚南部边界大部分具有安第斯型活动大陆边缘性质,这也是蒙古—鄂霍次克缝合线沿线蛇绿岩数量较少的原因。因为当汇聚大陆一个具有安第斯类型的活动边缘,而另一个具有被动边缘时,前者的大陆地壳会最终逆冲到后者之上,并因此破坏掉先前出露的蛇绿杂岩体。部分被破坏的蛇绿岩块是俯冲带保留下来的海山残余,其可能成为增生-俯冲楔体的混沌复合体的一部分。然而,由于快速俯冲作用,这种楔形体在晚二叠世—早侏罗世的积累并不是西伯利亚活动边缘的典型特征。
沿地学断面综合的地质和地球物理资料分析表明,亚洲大陆是在显生宙时期由部分前寒武纪微陆块构造拼贴而成的。前寒武纪地块间存在不同宽度的已变形且剥蚀强烈的显生宙火山弧,它们也被归类为特定地体。

关键词: 地质, 地球物理, 地壳横断面

Abstract:

Transects are vertical sections of the Earth’s crust, which reveal the nature of tectonic zones, as well as their spatial relationships through a combined analysis of their geology and geophysics. Transect documents contain a geological map for a strip of land 100 km wide, a geological section of the upper crust, gravity and magnetic maps (and/or corresponding profiles along the transect), and a geophysical profile of the crust, differentiated by seismic velocities, densities and other geophysical properties. These data are used to compose a combined cross-section (the resulting section), which shows a set of rocks typical of various geodynamic conditions (rifts, oceans, collision zones, orogenic basins, continental platforms and magmatic arcs, including Andean island arcs, active continental outskirts, trenches, basins of front and rear arcs). The objective of this project was to build deep sections according to unified legends based on the interpretation of all available geological and geophysical data in order to determine the spatial relationship of terranes and their geodynamic nature in terms of plate tectonics.
A number of terranes have been discriminated in the territory of the southern part of Eastern Siberia and the territory of Mongolia, and their geodynamic nature and space-time relations were analysed. The terranes were found out to be Vendian-Early Paleozoic, Middle-Late Paleozoic and Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic island arcs and microcontinents. Moreover, Middle-Late Paleozoic and Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic Andean-type active continental margins and Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic passive margins and Early Cretaceous rifts were identified and studied. The rock complexes related to the island arcs and Andean-type active continental margins are thrust over the bordering continents and microcontinents, the width of the respective tectonic nappes attaining 150 km. Schematic paleogeodynamic reconstructions for the area of the Mongolia-Okhotsk ocean have been performed, spanning the period from Devonian to Late Jurassic.
“Non-geosyncline” granitoid magmatism finds straightforward and sound explanation in terms of plate tectonics where provinces of Devonian-Carboniferous and Permian-Triassic magmatism correspond to Andean-type active continental margins and Middle-Late Jurassic magmatism is associated with Siberia/Mongolia-China collision. The presence of a subalkaline (mantle) element in collisional magmatism and the great extent of the area it occupies can be explained by suggesting that an oceanic rift (a mantle hotspot) was buried under thick continental lithosphere after closure of the Mongolia-Okhotsk ocean. In the Early Cretaceous, the setting of collision gave way to that of continental rifting.
The existence of an Andean-type active margin over the great extent of the southern border of Siberia is likewise responsible for minor abundance of ophiolites along the Mongolia-Okhotsk suture. When one colliding continent has an Andean-type active margin and the other has a passive margin, the continental crust of the former thrusts over the latter, and no conditions arise for ophiolites to expose. Blocks of dismembered ophiolites, that are remnants of truncated seamounts, can be part of chaotic complexes building accretion-subduction wedges. However, accumulation of such wedges in the Late Permian-Early Jurassic was not typical of the active margin of Siberia because of rapid subduction.
An analysis of geological and geophysical data on transects shows that the Asian continent was formed in the Phanerozoic as a result of accretion of terranes, some of which were microcontinents with a Precambrian foundation. Precambrian blocks are separated by deformed and strongly eroded Phanerozoic igneous arcs of various widths, also classified as specific terranes.

Key words: geology, geophysics, section of the Earth’s crust

Evgeny Kh. TURUTANOV, Evgeny V. SKLYAROV, Valentina V. MORDVINOVA, Anatoly M. MAZUKABZOV, Viktor S. KANAYKIN. 俄罗斯-蒙古地学断面地壳模型的地质-地球物理资料综合研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(5): 260-282.

Evgeny Kh. TURUTANOV, Evgeny V. SKLYAROV, Valentina V. MORDVINOVA, Anatoly M. MAZUKABZOV, Viktor S. KANAYKIN. Geological-geophysical models of the Earth’s crust along the Russian-Mongolian geotransects[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(5): 260-282.

图/表 14

Fig.1 Tectonic map of Central and Eastern Mongolia and southern regions of Eastern Siberia (modified from Zorin et al.(1998)): 1—platforms and microcontinents with Precambrian basement; 2—Archean and Early Proterozoic blocks in Riphean and Vendian-Early Paleozoic fold areas (K=Kichera, M=Muya, T=Tarbagatai, KYA=Kyahta, G=Gargin); 3—Riphean (Late Proterozoic) fold area; 4—Vendian-Early Paleozoic Siberian fold area superposed by Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic series of active continental margin; 5—Vendian-Early Paleozoic Mongolian fold area; 6—Middle Paleozoic fold area of Paleotethys; 7—Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic area of Paleotethys; 8—Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic Mongolia-Okhotsk fold belt; 9—Late Cenozoic rift basins; 10—normal faults; 11—thrusts; 12—lines of transects (SSCM=South Siberia-Central Mongolia, BM=Baikal-Mongolian, ES=Eastern Siberian, EM=Eastern Mongolian; thin dashed lines=boundaries of the transect strip maps).

Fig.2 South Siberia-Central Mongolia transect, segment A3-B3 (see Fig.1; modified from Zorin et al.(1993)). I—Geophysical anomalies: 1—Bouguer gravity anomalies; 2—regional gravity anomalies; difference between 1 and 2 is decompensative gravity anomalies reflecting the upper-crust structure; 3—magnetic anomalies (ΔT). II—Geophysical cross section: 1—contours of bodies producing decompensative gravity anomalies; 2—weighted average densities; 3—gravity centers of magnetic bodies; 4—vertical seismic profiles (digits are P wave velocities); 5—Moho discontinuity. Ⅲ—Transect. Rock series of continental rifts (1, 2): 1—Late Cenozoic sediments with basaltic intercalations; 2—Jurassic to Early Cretaceous sediments with basaltic intercalations. Rock series of hot spots (3-5): 3—Early Jurassic bimodal volcanics intercalated with sediments; 4—Early Permian to Triassic alkaline granites; 5—Early Permian to Triassic alkaline basic intrusions. Rock series of orogenic basins (6-9): 6—Jurassic clastics of Siderian Platform margins; 7—Late Paleozoic molasse; 8—Middle Paleozoic molasse; 9—Early Paleozoic molasse. Rock series of magmatic arc, including island arc and active continental margins (10-17); 10—Late Paleozoic volcanic-sedimentary rocks; 11—Middle Paleozoic volcanic and volcanic-sedimentary rocks; 12—Early Paleozoic volcanic and volcanic-sedimentary rocks; 13—Late Paleozoic collision-related felsic intrusions; 14—Middle Paleozoic subduction- and collision-related felsic intrusions; 15—Early Paleozoic subduction- and collision-related felsic intrusions; 16—Late Paleozoic basic and intermediate intrusions; 17—Middle Paleozoic basic and intermediate intrusions; 18—Early Paleozoic basic and intermediate intrusions; 19—Late Paleozoic sediments infilling fore- and back-arc basins; 20—Middle Paleozoic chaotic complex of subduction-accretion wedge; 21—Middle Paleozoic sediments infilling back-arc basins. Ophiolites (22-25): 22—Late Paleozoic; 23—Middle Paleozoic; 24—Late Precambrian to Early Paleozoic; 25—fragments of oceanic crust of uncertain age. Ocean sediments (26-28): 26—Late Paleozoic; 27—Middle Paleozoic; 28—Late Precambrian to Early Paleozoic. Shelf sediments (29-31): 29—Ordovicican to Early Devonian; 30—Vendian to Cambrian; 31—Riphean to Cambrian. Precambrian continental crust (32-34): 32—uncertain in composition; 33—with significant role of granites; 34—with greenstone belts. Tectonic symbols (35-37): 35—normal faults and faults of uncertain geometry; 36—thrust faults; 37—wrench faults (right-lateral). SP—Siberian Platform; TM—Tuva-Mongolia microcontinent.

Fig.3 South Siberia-Central Mongolia transect, segment B3-C3 (see Fig.1; modified from Zorin et al.(1993)). For the legend, see Fig.2.

Fig.4 South Siberia-Central Mongolia transect, segment C3-D3 (see Fig.1; modified from Zorin et al.(1993)). For the legend, see Fig.2.

Fig.5 South Siberia-Central Mongolia transect, segment D3-E3 (see Fig.1; modified from Zorin et al.(1993)). For the legend, see Fig.2.

Fig.6 East Siberia transect, segment A1-B1 (see Fig.1; modified from Zorin et al.(1997a)). I—Geophysical anomalies: 1—Bouguer gravity anomalies; 2—regional gravity anomalies; difference between 1 and 2 is decompensative gravity anomalies reflecting the upper-crust structure; 3—magnetic anomalies (ΔT). II—Geophysical cross section: 1—contours of bodies producing decompensative gravity anomalies; 2—weighted average densities; 3—gravity centers of magnetic bodies; 4—vertical seismic profiles (digits are P wave velocities); 5—Moho discontinuity. Ⅲ—Transect. Rocks of continental rifts. Neogenic (Ng) (1, 2): 1—sediments; 2—basalts. Early Cretaceous (K1) (3, 4): 3—sediments; 4—volcanics. Collision-related rocks. Middle-Late Jurassic (5-7): 5—molasse (J2); 6—volcanics ( J 23); 7—granites & granodiorites ( J 23). Early Paleozoic (O-S): 8—granites & granodiorites. Rifean (Rif): 9—granites & granodiorites. Subduction-related rocks (magmatic arcs including subduction wedges, fore-and back-arc basins). Late Permian-Early Jurassic (P2-T & J1) (10-13): 10—marine sediments & volcanics; 11—continental sediments & volcanics; 12—granites & tonalites; 13—mafic intrusives. Late Carboniferous-Early Permian (C2-P1) (14-15): 14—granites & tonalites; 15—mafic intrusives. Devonian-Early Carboniferous (D-C1) (16-19): 16—marine sediments & volcanics; 17—continental sediments & volcanics; 18—granites & tonalites; 19—mafic intrusives. Vendian-Cambrian (V- C) & Vendian-Ordovician (V-O) (20-22): 20—sediments & volcanics; 21—tonalites & granodiorites; 22—mafic intrusives. Rifean (Rif) (23-25): 23—marine sediments & volcanics; 24—tonalites & granodiorites; 25—mafic intrusives. Platforms & microcontinents (26-33): 26—Early Jurassic (J1) passive continental margin; 27—Late Permian-Triassic (P2-T) passive continental margin; 28—Vendian-Ordovician (V-O) & Vendian-Cambrian (V- C) shelf; 29—Rifean (Rif) passive margin; 30—Rifean (Rif) shelf; 31—Early Precambrian (Pt1) crust with significant role of granites; 32—Early Precambrian (AR-Pt1) mainly tonalitic crust; 33—Early Precambrian crust with mafic rocks (AR-Pt1). Tectonic symbols (34-37): 34—normal faults & faults of uncertain geometry; 35—Middle Jurassic thrusts; 36—Ordovician-Silurian thrusts; 37—Rifean thrusts reactivated in Ordovician-Silurian.

Fig.7 East Siberia transect, segment B1-C1 (see Fig.1; modified from Zorin et al.(1997a)). For the legend, see Fig.6.

Fig.8 East Siberia transect, segment C1-D1 (see Fig.1; modified from Zorin et al.(1995, 1997b)). For the legend, see Fig.6.

Fig.9 East Mongolia transect, segment A2-B2 (see Fig.1; modified from Zorin et al.(1998)). I—Geophysical anomalies: 1—Bouguer gravity anomalies; 2—regional gravity anomalies; difference between 1 and 2 is decompensative gravity anomalies reflecting the upper-crust structure; 3—magnetic anomalies (ΔT). II—Geophysical cross section: 1—contours of bodies producing decompensative gravity anomalies; 2—weighted average densities; 3—gravity centers of magnetic bodies; 4—vertical seismic profiles (digits are P wave velocities); 5—Moho discontinuity. Ⅲ—Transect. Early Cretaceous formation of continental rift: 1—sediments with effusive-body horizons. Collision-related rocks (2-7). Middle-Late Jurassic collision of Mongolo-China and Siberia (2, 3): 2—volcano-sedimentary sequences; 3—granitoids. Triassic collision of the Mongolian and North-Chinese continents (4, 5): 4—volcano-sedimentary and sedimentary sequences; 5—granitoids. Early Carboniferous collision of the North Gobi microcontinent with South Gobi island arc: 6—granitoids. Ordovician-Silurian collision of island arcs with the North Gobi microcontinent: 7—granitoids. Subduction formations (magmatic-arc series, including those of Andean-type active continental margins, island arcs, trenches, fore- and back-arc basins) (8-23). Late Permian-Early Jurassic subduction beneath the southern part of Siberia (8, 9): 8—granitoids; 9—mafic intrusive rocks. Late Carboniferous-Early Permian subduction beneath the northern part of Mongolia (10-12): 10—volcano-sedimentary sequences; 11—granitoids; 12—mafic intrusive rocks. Middle Carboniferous-Late Permian subduction beneath the southern part of Mongolia (13-15): 13—volcano-sedimentary sequences; 14—granitoids; 15—mafic intrusive rocks. Devonian-Early Permian subduction beneath Siberia, Devonian-Early Carboniferous subduction beneath the Central-Mongolia microcontinent, and Ordovician-Early Carboniferous subduction beneath the South Gobi island arc (16-19): 16—sedimentary sequences; 17—volcano-sedimentary sequences; 18—granitoids; 19—basic intrusive bodies. Vendian-Early Paleozoic subduction beneath the island arcs of the Paleoasian ocean (20-23): 20—sedimentary sequences; 21—volcano-sedimentary sequences; 22—granitoids; 23—mafic intrusive bodies. Formations of continents and microcontinents (24-28): 24—Late Permian-Triassic deposits of the northern passive margin of the Mongolia continent; 25—Late Permian continental deposits; 26—Devonian marine carbonates and clastic deposits; 27—Vendian-Early Paleozoic marine carbonates and clastic deposits; 28—pre-Riphean continental crust. Faults (29-32): 29—normal faults and faults of uncertain geometry; 30—Early Mesozoic thrusts; 31—Middle Paleozoic thrusts; 32—Early Paleozoic thrusts.

Fig.11 East Mongolia transect, segment C2-D2 (see Fig.1; modified from Zorin et al.(1998)). For the legend, see Fig.9.

Fig.10 East Mongolia transect, segment B2-C2 (see Fig.1; modified from Zorin et al.(1998)). For the legend, see Fig.9.

Fig.12 Baikal-Mongolia transect, segment A3-B'3 (see Fig.1; modified from Zorin et al.(1994)). I—Geophysical anomalies: 1—Bouguer gravity anomalies; 2—regional gravity anomalies; difference between 1 and 2 is decompensative gravity anomalies reflecting the upper-crust structure; 3—magnetic anomalies (ΔT). II—Geophysical cross section: 1—contours of bodies producing decompensative gravity anomalies; 2—weighted average densities; 3—gravity centers of magnetic bodies; 4—Moho discontinuity. Ⅲ—Transect. Formations of continental rifts and “hot spots” (1-5): 1—Late Cenozoic clastic deposits with interlayers of basalts; 2—Late Mesozoic clastic and volcanogenic-sedimentary deposits; 3—Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic volcanic rocks of the bimodal series with horizons of clastic deposits; 4—Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic alkaline granites and syenites; 5—main intrusions of the same age. Formations of foothill and intermountain subsidences of the orogenic stages (6, 7): 6—Jurassic continental deposits of the marginal part of the Siberian Platform; 7—Middle Paleozoic malasses. Formations of magmatic arcs (including island arcs and active margins of continents) (8-19): 8-10—volcanogenic and volcanogenic-sedimentary strata of the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic (8), Middle Paleozoic (9) and Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic (10) stages; 11-13—granitoids of the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic (11), Middle Paleozoic (12) and Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic (13) stages; 14-16—main and medium intrusions of the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic (14), Middle Paleozoic (15) and Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic (16) stages; 17-19—sedimentary deposits of the pre- and back-arc troughs of the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic (17), Middle Paleozoic (18) and Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic (19) stages. Oceanic formations (20-25): 20-22—ophiolites of the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic (20), Middle Paleozoic (21) and Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic (22) stages; 23-25—deep-water sediments of the Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic (23), Middle Paleozoic (24) and Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic (25) stages. Offshore formations (26-28): 26—Middle Paleozoic shelf of the Paleotethys; 27—sedimentary cover of the Siberian Platform (Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic); 28—sedimentary cover of microcontinent (Late Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic). Precambrian continental crust of the platform and microcontinent (29, 30): 29—not dissected by composition; 30—with significant volumes of main rocks. Faults (31-33): 31—dip-slip faults dip and faults of an undetermined nature; 32—overthrusts; 33—faults (a left-side fault is indicated).

Fig.13 Baikal-Mongolia transect, segment B'3-C'3 (see Fig.1; modified from Zorin et al.(1994)). For the legend, see Fig.12.

Fig.14 Baikal-Mongolia transect, segment C'3-D'3 (see Fig.1; modified from Zorin et al.(1994)). For the legend, see Fig.12.

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