地学前缘 ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (4): 380-402.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.2.25

• 非主题来稿选登:土壤质量与环境效应 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国土壤54项指标的地球化学背景与基准研究

杨峥1,2,3(), 彭敏1,2,3, 赵传冬1,2,3, 杨柯4, 刘飞1,2,3, 李括1,2,3, 周亚龙1,2,3, 唐世琪1,2,3, 马宏宏1,2,3, 张青5,*(), 成杭新1,2,3,*()   

  1. 1.中国地质科学院 地球物理地球化学勘查研究所, 河北 廊坊 065000
    2.中国地质调查局 土地质量地球化学调查评价研究中心, 河北 廊坊 065000
    3.中国地质科学院 地球表层碳-汞地球化学循环重点实验室, 河北 廊坊 065000
    4.中国地质调查局 哈尔滨自然资源综合调查中心, 黑龙江 哈尔滨 150086
    5.内蒙古自治区地质调查研究院, 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010020
  • 收稿日期:2023-04-11 修回日期:2024-03-05 出版日期:2024-07-25 发布日期:2024-07-10
  • 通信作者: * 张 青(1969—),女,正高级工程师,主要从事生态地球化学的研究工作。E-mail: 736627211@qq.com;成杭新(1964—),男,研究员,主要从事勘查地球化学与生态地球化学的研究工作。E-mail: changxin@mail.cgs.gov.cn
  • 作者简介:杨 峥(1991—),男,工程师,主要从事勘查地球化学与生态地球化学的研究工作。E-mail: yzheng@mail.cgs.gov.cn
  • 基金资助:
    中国地质调查局二级项目“全国土地质量调查监测与成果集成(DD20221770);中国地质调查局项目“主要农耕区土地质量地球化学调查(DD20230121)

The study of geochemical background and baseline for 54 chemical indicators in Chinese soil

YANG Zheng1,2,3(), PENG Min1,2,3, ZHAO Chuandong1,2,3, YANG Ke4, LIU Fei1,2,3, LI Kuo1,2,3, ZHOU Yalong1,2,3, TANG Shiqi1,2,3, MA Honghong1,2,3, ZHANG Qing5,*(), CHENG Hangxin1,2,3,*()   

  1. 1. Institute of Geophysical & Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
    2. Research Center of Geochemical Survey and Assessment on Land Quality, China Geological Survey, Langfang 065000, China
    3. Key Laboratory of Geochemical Cycling of Carbon and Mercury in the Earth’s Critical Zone, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang 065000, China
    4. Harbin Center of Natural Resources Integrated Survey, China Geological Survey, Harbin 150086, China
    5. Inner Mongolia Institute of Geological Survey, Hohhot 010020, China
  • Received:2023-04-11 Revised:2024-03-05 Online:2024-07-25 Published:2024-07-10

摘要:

1999—2021年,中国地质调查局组织实施的土地质量地球化学调查共获得670 321件表层组合土壤样品(0~20 cm)和167 746件深层组合土壤样品(150~180 cm),覆盖面积约266.5万km2,囊括我国人口集中区和大部分耕地。对相关土壤样品均按统一标准分析了54项化学指标(Ag、As、Au、B、Ba、Be、Bi、Br、Cd、Ce、Cl、Co、Cr、Cu、F、Ga、Ge、Hg、I、La、Li、Mn、Mo、N、Nb、Ni、P、Pb、Rb、S、Sb、Sc、Se、Sn、Sr、Th、Ti、Tl、U、V、W、Y、Zn、Zr、SiO2、Al2O3、TFe2O3、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O、pH、全碳和有机碳)。本文利用这些数据讨论了中国土壤54项指标的地球化学背景值、基准值及其上下限的划定方法和基本特征,并对我国耕地土壤背景与现行环境、养分等相关标准中各种阈值进行了对比。结果显示:在全国尺度上,各项指标表层与深层Spearman相关系数均高于0.50,表明表层土壤中大部分指标都继承了深层土壤的含量与分布特征。54项指标中仅Corg、TC、N、S、Se、Hg、Br、Cd和P等指标背景值相对基准值发生了较大变化。我国耕地土壤中,Cd的农用地污染风险筛选值在背景范围内,Hg、As、Pb和Cr的筛选值则高于背景上限值。由于许多指标的空间分布存在着巨大的差异,在全国范围内划定一个统一的背景值并不利于土壤资源的精细化管理和保护,因此有必要在全国尺度地球化学背景与基准的基础上建立区域尺度地球化学背景与基准,为政府部门合理制定相关土壤环境质量的标准和保护法规提供依据。

关键词: 土壤地球化学背景, 土壤地球化学基准, 中国土壤, 中国耕地, 土地质量地球化学调查

Abstract:

The Geochemical Survey of Land Quality conducted by the China Geological Survey from 1999 to 2021 collected 670321 composite surface soil samples (0-20 cm) and 167746 composite deep soil samples (150-180 cm) across approximately 2.665 million km2, covering most densely populated areas and farmland in China. Each composite sample underwent analysis for 54 chemical indicators using a standardized method (Ag, As, Au, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Ga, Ge, Hg, I, La, Li, Mn, Mo, N, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr, SiO2, Al2O3, TFe2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, pH, total carbon and organic carbon). This study examines the methodologies and fundamental characteristics of establishing geochemical background values, baseline values, and their upper and lower threshold limits for the 54 soil indicators in China. Additionally, it compares various thresholds of the background of cultivated soil with existing environmental and nutrient-related standards. The findings reveal that, on a national scale, most surface soil indicators exhibit content and distribution patterns inherited from deep soil, with notable changes observed only in the background values of specific indicators such as organic carbon, total carbon, N, S, Se, Hg, Br, Cd, and P. Spearman correlation coefficients for each indicator in both surface and deep soil consistently exceeded 0.50. Across the entire cultivated land in the country, only the upper limit of Cd background exceeds the risk screening value for soil contamination of agricultural land, while the upper limits of Hg, As, Pb, and Cr backgrounds were all lower than their respective risk screening values. Due to significant spatial distribution differences in many indicators, a simplistic national-scale background delineation is insufficient for refined soil resource management. Hence, the establishment of geochemical background/baseline at different scales based on national data is crucial to inform government regulations and standards for soil environmental quality management.

Key words: soil geochemical background, soil geochemical baseline, Chinese soil, cultivated land soil in China, geochemical investigation of land quality

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