Potassium and magnesium isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation and hydrothermal processes in post-collisional adakitic rocks and its indicative significance: A case study of the Qulong porphyry copper deposit, southern Tibet

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.4.22

Abstract

Abstract:

The study focused on investigating the behavior of potassium and magnesium isotopes during magmatic differentiation and hydrothermal processes in post-collisional adakitic rocks from the Qulong porphyry copper deposit in southern Tibet. The analyzed rocks included dioritic enclaves, granodiorites, and granite porphyries, with the latter containing a super-large copper deposit. The research confirmed that these rocks likely originated from different degrees of partial melting and fractional crystallization from the same source. The δ⁴¹K values for the dioritic enclaves, granodiorites, and granite porphyries ranged from -0.38‰ to -0.22‰, -0.43‰ to -0.34‰, and -0.59‰ to -0.36‰, respectively. While the variation in δ⁴¹K values among the rock types was small, there was a clear negative correlation between δ⁴¹K and the concentrations of K₂O and SiO₂, indicating potassium isotope fractionation during the migration of potassium in the rocks. The study suggested that the evolution of dioritic enclaves to granodiorites showed a positive correlation between δ⁴¹K and Sc and Y, implying that the separation and crystallization of hornblende played a significant role in potassium isotope fractionation. In contrast, the composition of potassium isotopes varied significantly in granite porphyries. The evolution of granite porphyries displayed a positive correlation between δ⁴¹K and Eu/Eu^* and Sr, suggesting that potassium isotope fractionation in these rocks may be primarily related to the fractional crystallization of plagioclase during late-stage rock evolution. The study also indicated that the observed potassium isotope fractionation in granite porphyries likely resulted from the combined influence of magma and hydrothermal fluid, rather than solely from mineral separation and crystallization processes. The heavier potassium isotopic composition in dioritic enclaves compared to the mantle was attributed to potential factors such as the lower crust having a heavier K isotopic composition than the mantle, and metasomatism of the magma source area by heavy potassium-rich fluid/melt from the subduction plate. In terms of magnesium isotopes, the δ²⁶Mg values for the three types of rocks (dioritic enclaves, granodiorites, and granite porphyries) were similar and fell within the range of the mantle and lower crust. There was no correlation between δ²⁶Mg and MgO or SiO₂ in these rocks, indicating that magnesium isotope fractionation did not occur during the differentiation of adakitic magma, consistent with previous findings on magnesium isotope behavior in granites. Comparing the Qulong porphyry copper deposit in southern Tibet to the Dexing porphyry copper deposit in Jiangxi, both as typical hydrothermal deposits, the study noted that the altered rocks in Dexing showed higher potassium and magnesium isotope values than fresh magmatic rocks, with significant changes in their isotopic composition. In contrast, the potassium and magnesium isotopic compositions of adakitic rocks in Qulong were mostly within the baseline range of magmatic rocks and were not significantly affected by hydrothermal alteration. The study highlighted that the large copper enrichment in granite porphyries at the Qulong deposit was mainly due to the exsolution of magmatic hydrothermal fluid. It suggested the presence of at least two types of hydrothermal fluids with different properties (temperature and salinity) causing local fluctuations in the isotopic composition of potassium and magnesium in the granite porphyries. These fluids not only altered the isotopic composition of potassium and magnesium but also facilitated the extraction of metallic elements from highly evolved magma, ultimately leading to copper mineralization.

Key words: Qulong porphyry copper deposit, adakitic rocks, potassium and magnesium isotopes, isotope fractionation, exsolution of magmatic hydrothermal fluid

CLC Number:

ZI Yanmei, TIAN Shihong, CHEN Xinyang, HOU Zengqian, YANG Zhiming, GONG Yingli, TANG Qingyu. Potassium and magnesium isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation and hydrothermal processes in post-collisional adakitic rocks and its indicative significance: A case study of the Qulong porphyry copper deposit, southern Tibet[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(3): 150-169.

Figures/Tables 14

Fig.1 (a) Tectonic framework of the Lhasa terrane (modified after [42]); (b) A schematic map of the Qulong region in southern Tibet (modified after [27]); (c) Typical profile of the Qulong porphyry copper deposit in southern Tibet (modified after [43]). The green triangles, yellow circles and blue diamonds refer to the sample locations of dioritic enclaves, granodiorites, and granite porphyries, respectively. BNS=Bangong-Nujiang suture; IYZS=Indus-Yarlung Zangbo suture.

Fig.2 Microscopic photos of dioritic enclaves, granodiorites and granite porphyries in Qulong copper deposit, southern Tibet. (a) Dioritic enclaves; (b) Granodiorites; (c),(d) Granite porphyries.

Table 1 K isotope composition and related major and trace elemental contents of the dioritic enclaves, granodiorites and granite porphyries from Qulong porphyry copper deposit, southern Tibet

样品编号与平均值	岩性	δ⁴¹K_sample/ ‰	2 SD_sample/ ‰	95%c.i._std/ ‰	N	w(K₂O^a)/ %	w(Si $O 2 a$ )/ %	Eu/Eu^*	w_B/10^-6		Nb/ Ta	(Rb/TiO₂)/ 10^-4
样品编号与平均值	岩性	δ⁴¹K_sample/ ‰	2 SD_sample/ ‰	95%c.i._std/ ‰	N	w(K₂O^a)/ %	w(Si $O 2 a$ )/ %	Eu/Eu^*	Sc	Y	Nb/ Ta	(Rb/TiO₂)/ 10^-4
QL10-4-5-1	闪长质包体	-0.37	0.12	0.06	7	2.16	59.82	0.89	16.8	13.9	16.97	71
QL10-4-9-1	闪长质包体	-0.24	0.12	0.05	7	1.5	57.27	0.67	21.8	16.4	21.11	120
QL10-4-9-1^b		-0.21	0.1	0.14	3
平均值^c		-0.22	0.15	0.05	10
QL10-4-9-2-1	闪长质包体	-0.23	0.11	0.06	7	1.54	55.75	0.7	19.8	16	23	104
QL10-4-9-2-1^b		-0.25	0.09	0.05	7
平均值^c		-0.24	0.14	0.04	14
QL10-4-12-1-1	闪长质包体	-0.26	0.1	0.05	7	1.94	56.76	0.69	20.7	12.3	19.5	118
QL10-4-12-1-1^b		-0.27	0.05	0.14	3
平均值^c		-0.26	0.09	0.05	10
QL10-4-17-1	闪长质包体	-0.36	0.09	0.05	7	2.83	58.39	0.7	14.6	16	13.68	169
QL10-4-23-1	闪长质包体	-0.34	0.14	0.06	6	2.56	59.45	0.95	13.4	10.2	16.05	151
QL10-4-25-1	闪长质包体	-0.38	0.05	0.06	6	1.95	59.55	0.75	13.1	12.3	19.7	67
QL10-4-32-1	闪长质包体	-0.29	0.12	0.06	7	1.91	57.73	0.8	19.4	14.4	20.27	115
QL10-4-32-1^b		-0.27	0.07	0.05	7
平均值^c		-0.27	0.12	0.04	14
QL10-4-7	花岗闪长岩	-0.34	0.12	0.06	7	2.79	65.75	0.87	6.97	8.25	14.41	150
QL10-4-9-2-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.34	0.12	0.06	7	2.79	65.93	0.93	6.49	5.7	23.64	140
QL10-4-9-2-2^b		-0.39	0.09	0.05	7
平均值^c		-0.37	0.14	0.04	14
QL10-4-12-1-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.34	0.1	0.05	7	2.48	64.12	0.83	6.83	10.2	15.07	116
QL10-4-15	花岗闪长岩	-0.41	0.11	0.05	7	2.89	64.71	0.87	7.08	8.29	14.62	135
QL10-4-17-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.35	0.1	0.05	7	2.55	66.24	0.9	6.74	8.6	13.45	116
QL10-4-20	花岗闪长岩	-0.4	0.09	0.06	6	2.48	64.69	0.85	7.58	9.26	14.86	123
QL10-4-23-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.43	0.09	0.06	6	2.39	65.04	0.93	6.06	8.38	11.28	131
QL10-4-32-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.36	0.11	0.05	7	2.44	64.75	0.84	6.99	10.2	12.61	126
QL10-4-32-2^b		-0.32	0.11	0.05	7
平均值^c		-0.34	0.16	0.04	14
QL10-4-52	花岗闪长岩	-0.38	0.09	0.05	7	2.84	66.91	0.81	6.05	9.01	11.72	168
601-237	花岗斑岩	-0.51	0.12	0.07	5	7.41	72.18	0.53	5.07	6.45	12.78	757
601-305	花岗斑岩	-0.47	0.1	0.05	7	7.16	70.82	0.74	4.05	4.27	14.82	727
601-305^b		-0.46	0.04	0.06	6
平均值^c		-0.47	0.08	0.04	13
601-313	花岗斑岩	-0.36	0.07	0.07	5	4.91	69.12	0.53	4.04	12	12.39	363
601-325	花岗斑岩	-0.44	0.09	0.05	7	6.76	71.18	0.72	3.75	4.2	12.53	463
601-325^b		-0.4	0.12	0.05	7
平均值^c		-0.43	0.15	0.04	14
001-245.5	花岗斑岩	-0.52	0.12	0.06	7	8.61	71.96	0.62	3.11	6.71	11.03	1 600
001-311	花岗斑岩	-0.43	0.11	0.05	7	7.85	68.67	0.7	2.68	6.67	10.77	858
001-337	花岗斑岩	-0.46	0.11	0.05	7	4.98	71.43	0.84	3.89	5.94	11.52	614
001-362	花岗斑岩	-0.59	0.19	0.08	5	6.91	69.6	0.75	3.39	6.16	11.86	732
001-362^b		-0.59	0.09	0.06	6
平均值^c		-0.59	0.17	0.05	11
001-441.6	花岗斑岩	-0.43	0.14	0.08	5	5.63	70.93	0.75	4.29	7.57	12.63	671
001-441.6^b		-0.46	0.1	0.05	8
平均值^c		-0.45	0.16	0.04	13
001-470-2	花岗斑岩	-0.48	0.14	0.06	7	7.25	72.59	0.75	2.97	7.69	12.3	1 006
001-470.2	花岗斑岩	-0.54	0.14	0.06	7	7.32	72.25	0.52	3.36	8.61	13.32	928

Table 1 K isotope composition and related major and trace elemental contents of the dioritic enclaves, granodiorites and granite porphyries from Qulong porphyry copper deposit, southern Tibet

样品编号与平均值	岩性	δ⁴¹K_sample/ ‰	2 SD_sample/ ‰	95%c.i._std/ ‰	N	w(K₂O^a)/ %	w(Si $O 2 a$ )/ %	Eu/Eu^*	w_B/10^-6		Nb/ Ta	(Rb/TiO₂)/ 10^-4
样品编号与平均值	岩性	δ⁴¹K_sample/ ‰	2 SD_sample/ ‰	95%c.i._std/ ‰	N	w(K₂O^a)/ %	w(Si $O 2 a$ )/ %	Eu/Eu^*	Sc	Y	Nb/ Ta	(Rb/TiO₂)/ 10^-4
QL10-4-5-1	闪长质包体	-0.37	0.12	0.06	7	2.16	59.82	0.89	16.8	13.9	16.97	71
QL10-4-9-1	闪长质包体	-0.24	0.12	0.05	7	1.5	57.27	0.67	21.8	16.4	21.11	120
QL10-4-9-1^b		-0.21	0.1	0.14	3
平均值^c		-0.22	0.15	0.05	10
QL10-4-9-2-1	闪长质包体	-0.23	0.11	0.06	7	1.54	55.75	0.7	19.8	16	23	104
QL10-4-9-2-1^b		-0.25	0.09	0.05	7
平均值^c		-0.24	0.14	0.04	14
QL10-4-12-1-1	闪长质包体	-0.26	0.1	0.05	7	1.94	56.76	0.69	20.7	12.3	19.5	118
QL10-4-12-1-1^b		-0.27	0.05	0.14	3
平均值^c		-0.26	0.09	0.05	10
QL10-4-17-1	闪长质包体	-0.36	0.09	0.05	7	2.83	58.39	0.7	14.6	16	13.68	169
QL10-4-23-1	闪长质包体	-0.34	0.14	0.06	6	2.56	59.45	0.95	13.4	10.2	16.05	151
QL10-4-25-1	闪长质包体	-0.38	0.05	0.06	6	1.95	59.55	0.75	13.1	12.3	19.7	67
QL10-4-32-1	闪长质包体	-0.29	0.12	0.06	7	1.91	57.73	0.8	19.4	14.4	20.27	115
QL10-4-32-1^b		-0.27	0.07	0.05	7
平均值^c		-0.27	0.12	0.04	14
QL10-4-7	花岗闪长岩	-0.34	0.12	0.06	7	2.79	65.75	0.87	6.97	8.25	14.41	150
QL10-4-9-2-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.34	0.12	0.06	7	2.79	65.93	0.93	6.49	5.7	23.64	140
QL10-4-9-2-2^b		-0.39	0.09	0.05	7
平均值^c		-0.37	0.14	0.04	14
QL10-4-12-1-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.34	0.1	0.05	7	2.48	64.12	0.83	6.83	10.2	15.07	116
QL10-4-15	花岗闪长岩	-0.41	0.11	0.05	7	2.89	64.71	0.87	7.08	8.29	14.62	135
QL10-4-17-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.35	0.1	0.05	7	2.55	66.24	0.9	6.74	8.6	13.45	116
QL10-4-20	花岗闪长岩	-0.4	0.09	0.06	6	2.48	64.69	0.85	7.58	9.26	14.86	123
QL10-4-23-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.43	0.09	0.06	6	2.39	65.04	0.93	6.06	8.38	11.28	131
QL10-4-32-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.36	0.11	0.05	7	2.44	64.75	0.84	6.99	10.2	12.61	126
QL10-4-32-2^b		-0.32	0.11	0.05	7
平均值^c		-0.34	0.16	0.04	14
QL10-4-52	花岗闪长岩	-0.38	0.09	0.05	7	2.84	66.91	0.81	6.05	9.01	11.72	168
601-237	花岗斑岩	-0.51	0.12	0.07	5	7.41	72.18	0.53	5.07	6.45	12.78	757
601-305	花岗斑岩	-0.47	0.1	0.05	7	7.16	70.82	0.74	4.05	4.27	14.82	727
601-305^b		-0.46	0.04	0.06	6
平均值^c		-0.47	0.08	0.04	13
601-313	花岗斑岩	-0.36	0.07	0.07	5	4.91	69.12	0.53	4.04	12	12.39	363
601-325	花岗斑岩	-0.44	0.09	0.05	7	6.76	71.18	0.72	3.75	4.2	12.53	463
601-325^b		-0.4	0.12	0.05	7
平均值^c		-0.43	0.15	0.04	14
001-245.5	花岗斑岩	-0.52	0.12	0.06	7	8.61	71.96	0.62	3.11	6.71	11.03	1 600
001-311	花岗斑岩	-0.43	0.11	0.05	7	7.85	68.67	0.7	2.68	6.67	10.77	858
001-337	花岗斑岩	-0.46	0.11	0.05	7	4.98	71.43	0.84	3.89	5.94	11.52	614
001-362	花岗斑岩	-0.59	0.19	0.08	5	6.91	69.6	0.75	3.39	6.16	11.86	732
001-362^b		-0.59	0.09	0.06	6
平均值^c		-0.59	0.17	0.05	11
001-441.6	花岗斑岩	-0.43	0.14	0.08	5	5.63	70.93	0.75	4.29	7.57	12.63	671
001-441.6^b		-0.46	0.1	0.05	8
平均值^c		-0.45	0.16	0.04	13
001-470-2	花岗斑岩	-0.48	0.14	0.06	7	7.25	72.59	0.75	2.97	7.69	12.3	1 006
001-470.2	花岗斑岩	-0.54	0.14	0.06	7	7.32	72.25	0.52	3.36	8.61	13.32	928

Table 2 Mg isotope composition and related major and trace elemental contents of the dioritic enclaves, granodiorites and granite porphyries from Qulong porphyry copper deposit, southern Tibet

样品编号与平均值	岩性	δ²⁶Mg/ ‰	2 SD/ ‰	δ²⁵Mg/ ‰	2 SD/ ‰	w(MgO^a)/ %	w(Si $O 2 a$ )/ %	CIA^a	w(LOI^a)/ %	w(Cu^a)/ 10^-6	w(Sr^a)/ 10^-6	(⁸⁷Sr/ ⁸⁶Sr $) i a$	ε_Nd(t)^a
QL10-4-5-1	闪长质包体	-0.36	0.07	-0.23	0.05	3.55	59.82	44.8	0.71	100	971	0.704 854	0.04
QL10-4-9-1	闪长质包体	-0.28	0.07	-0.16	0.05	4.31	57.27	44.2	0.78	228	979	0.704 843	0.37
QL10-4-9-1^b		-0.23	0.07	-0.11	0.04
平均值^c		-0.25	0.07	-0.13	0.06
QL10-4-9-2-1	闪长质包体	-0.19	0.07	-0.10	0.05	4.22	55.75	44.3	0.72	176	932	0.704 866	-0.06
QL10-4-12-1-1	闪长质包体	-0.27	0.07	-0.15	0.05	5.41	56.76	44.0	0.77	58	739	0.704 887	-0.03
QL10-4-12-1-1^b		-0.22	0.07	-0.11	0.04
平均值^c		-0.24	0.07	-0.13	0.06
QL10-4-17-1	闪长质包体	-0.29	0.07	-0.12	0.05	3.58	58.39	47.2	1.22	67	838	0.704 900	0.19
QL10-4-23-1	闪长质包体	-0.30	0.07	-0.16	0.05	3.76	59.45	45.2	0.49	34	917	0.704 887	-0.06
QL10-4-23-1^b		-0.22	0.05	-0.09	0.03
平均值^c		-0.26	0.06	-0.12	0.06
QL10-4-25-1	闪长质包体	-0.22	0.07	-0.09	0.05	2.8	59.55	45.9	0.56	46	1 032	0.704 913	-0.07
QL10-4-32-1	闪长质包体	-0.27	0.07	-0.12	0.05	4.49	57.73	44.9	0.83	69	849	0.704 908	-0.62
QL10-4-7	花岗闪长岩	-0.15	0.07	-0.05	0.05	1.57	65.75	48.9	0.6	103	1 092	0.704 896	-0.34
QL10-4-7^b		-0.18	0.06	-0.09	0.04
平均值^c		-0.17	0.05	-0.07	0.05
QL10-4-9-2-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.18	0.07	-0.08	0.05	1.52	65.93	48.3	0.39	131	1 168	0.704 970	-0.48
QL10-4-12-1-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.21	0.07	-0.09	0.05	1.68	64.12	47.8	0.4	30	1 250	0.704 904	0.93
QL10-4-12-1-2^b		-0.21	0.05	-0.11	0.03
平均值^c		-0.21	0.06	-0.10	0.03
QL10-4-15	花岗闪长岩	-0.20	0.07	-0.08	0.05	1.45	64.71	47.5	0.38	24	1 672	0.704 901	0.79
QL10-4-15^b		-0.19	0.05	-0.09	0.03
平均值^c		-0.19	0.06	-0.09	0.05
QL10-4-17-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.37	0.07	-0.21	0.05	1.5	66.24	48.4	0.41	26	1 186	0.704 916	-0.44
QL10-4-17-2^b		-0.19	0.05	-0.10	0.03
平均值^c		-0.28	0.06	-0.15	0.06
QL10-4-20	花岗闪长岩	-0.11	0.07	0.01	0.05	1.67	64.69	47.8	0.4	12	1 177	0.704 909	-0.11
QL10-4-20^b		-0.18	0.05	-0.09	0.03
平均值^c		-0.14	0.07	-0.04	0.06
QL10-4-23-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.17	0.07	-0.09	0.05	1.57	65.04	48.0	0.3	19	1 189	0.704 911	-0.59
QL10-4-23-2^b		-0.21	0.05	-0.11	0.03
平均值^c		-0.19	0.05	-0.10	0.04
QL10-4-32-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.13	0.07	-0.06	0.05	1.62	64.75	48.2	0.41	37	1 248	0.704 978	-0.18
QL10-4-52	花岗闪长岩	-0.26	0.07	-0.12	0.05	1.34	66.91	48.6	0.40	65	989	0.704 867	-0.91
601-237	花岗斑岩	-0.22	0.07	-0.09	0.04	0.81	72.18	46.5	2.8	1 034	507	0.705 004	-0.97
601-305	花岗斑岩	-0.44	0.07	-0.23	0.05	0.76	70.82	48.6	2.13	339	502	0.705 093	-0.92
601-313	花岗斑岩	-0.31	0.07	-0.15	0.05	0.83	69.12	48.3	2.29	866	624	0.705 225	-1.40
601-313^b		-0.21	0.07	-0.10	0.04
平均值^c		-0.26	0.07	-0.12	0.06
601-325	花岗斑岩	-0.42	0.07	-0.23	0.05	0.84	71.18	48.6	1.96	832	622	0.705 101	-0.85
601-325^b		-0.23	0.05	-0.11	0.03
平均值^c		-0.33	0.07	-0.17	0.06
001-245.5	花岗斑岩	-0.36	0.08	-0.18	0.05	0.58	71.96	47.8	2.39	768	346	0.705 310	-0.86
001-311	花岗斑岩	-0.23	0.08	-0.14	0.05	1.05	68.67	51.6	2.80	1 246	462	0.705 212	-0.90
001-337	花岗斑岩	-0.31	0.06	-0.15	0.04	0.80	71.43	49.4	1.99	1 253	566	0.705 195	-0.90
001-362	花岗斑岩	-0.17	0.08	-0.11	0.05	0.76	69.6	49.3	2.19	2 021	456	0.705 191	-1.12
001-362^b		-0.10	0.07	-0.03	0.04
平均值^c		-0.13	0.08	-0.07	0.05
001-441.6	花岗斑岩	-0.23	0.08	-0.14	0.05	0.9	70.93	49.5	2.71	1 585	409	0.705 220	-1.28
001-470-2	花岗斑岩	-0.31	0.07	-0.16	0.05	0.50	72.59	48.5	1.93	1 695	389	0.705 215	-1.63
001-470-2^b		-0.35	0.07	-0.18	0.04
平均值^c		-0.33	0.06	-0.17	0.04
001-470.2	花岗斑岩	-0.47	0.07	-0.29	0.05	0.54	72.25	48.0	2.11	1 542	430	0.705 181	0.11
001-470.2^b		-0.35	0.07	-0.17	0.04
平均值^c		-0.41	0.07	-0.23	0.05

Table 2 Mg isotope composition and related major and trace elemental contents of the dioritic enclaves, granodiorites and granite porphyries from Qulong porphyry copper deposit, southern Tibet

样品编号与平均值	岩性	δ²⁶Mg/ ‰	2 SD/ ‰	δ²⁵Mg/ ‰	2 SD/ ‰	w(MgO^a)/ %	w(Si $O 2 a$ )/ %	CIA^a	w(LOI^a)/ %	w(Cu^a)/ 10^-6	w(Sr^a)/ 10^-6	(⁸⁷Sr/ ⁸⁶Sr $) i a$	ε_Nd(t)^a
QL10-4-5-1	闪长质包体	-0.36	0.07	-0.23	0.05	3.55	59.82	44.8	0.71	100	971	0.704 854	0.04
QL10-4-9-1	闪长质包体	-0.28	0.07	-0.16	0.05	4.31	57.27	44.2	0.78	228	979	0.704 843	0.37
QL10-4-9-1^b		-0.23	0.07	-0.11	0.04
平均值^c		-0.25	0.07	-0.13	0.06
QL10-4-9-2-1	闪长质包体	-0.19	0.07	-0.10	0.05	4.22	55.75	44.3	0.72	176	932	0.704 866	-0.06
QL10-4-12-1-1	闪长质包体	-0.27	0.07	-0.15	0.05	5.41	56.76	44.0	0.77	58	739	0.704 887	-0.03
QL10-4-12-1-1^b		-0.22	0.07	-0.11	0.04
平均值^c		-0.24	0.07	-0.13	0.06
QL10-4-17-1	闪长质包体	-0.29	0.07	-0.12	0.05	3.58	58.39	47.2	1.22	67	838	0.704 900	0.19
QL10-4-23-1	闪长质包体	-0.30	0.07	-0.16	0.05	3.76	59.45	45.2	0.49	34	917	0.704 887	-0.06
QL10-4-23-1^b		-0.22	0.05	-0.09	0.03
平均值^c		-0.26	0.06	-0.12	0.06
QL10-4-25-1	闪长质包体	-0.22	0.07	-0.09	0.05	2.8	59.55	45.9	0.56	46	1 032	0.704 913	-0.07
QL10-4-32-1	闪长质包体	-0.27	0.07	-0.12	0.05	4.49	57.73	44.9	0.83	69	849	0.704 908	-0.62
QL10-4-7	花岗闪长岩	-0.15	0.07	-0.05	0.05	1.57	65.75	48.9	0.6	103	1 092	0.704 896	-0.34
QL10-4-7^b		-0.18	0.06	-0.09	0.04
平均值^c		-0.17	0.05	-0.07	0.05
QL10-4-9-2-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.18	0.07	-0.08	0.05	1.52	65.93	48.3	0.39	131	1 168	0.704 970	-0.48
QL10-4-12-1-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.21	0.07	-0.09	0.05	1.68	64.12	47.8	0.4	30	1 250	0.704 904	0.93
QL10-4-12-1-2^b		-0.21	0.05	-0.11	0.03
平均值^c		-0.21	0.06	-0.10	0.03
QL10-4-15	花岗闪长岩	-0.20	0.07	-0.08	0.05	1.45	64.71	47.5	0.38	24	1 672	0.704 901	0.79
QL10-4-15^b		-0.19	0.05	-0.09	0.03
平均值^c		-0.19	0.06	-0.09	0.05
QL10-4-17-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.37	0.07	-0.21	0.05	1.5	66.24	48.4	0.41	26	1 186	0.704 916	-0.44
QL10-4-17-2^b		-0.19	0.05	-0.10	0.03
平均值^c		-0.28	0.06	-0.15	0.06
QL10-4-20	花岗闪长岩	-0.11	0.07	0.01	0.05	1.67	64.69	47.8	0.4	12	1 177	0.704 909	-0.11
QL10-4-20^b		-0.18	0.05	-0.09	0.03
平均值^c		-0.14	0.07	-0.04	0.06
QL10-4-23-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.17	0.07	-0.09	0.05	1.57	65.04	48.0	0.3	19	1 189	0.704 911	-0.59
QL10-4-23-2^b		-0.21	0.05	-0.11	0.03
平均值^c		-0.19	0.05	-0.10	0.04
QL10-4-32-2	花岗闪长岩	-0.13	0.07	-0.06	0.05	1.62	64.75	48.2	0.41	37	1 248	0.704 978	-0.18
QL10-4-52	花岗闪长岩	-0.26	0.07	-0.12	0.05	1.34	66.91	48.6	0.40	65	989	0.704 867	-0.91
601-237	花岗斑岩	-0.22	0.07	-0.09	0.04	0.81	72.18	46.5	2.8	1 034	507	0.705 004	-0.97
601-305	花岗斑岩	-0.44	0.07	-0.23	0.05	0.76	70.82	48.6	2.13	339	502	0.705 093	-0.92
601-313	花岗斑岩	-0.31	0.07	-0.15	0.05	0.83	69.12	48.3	2.29	866	624	0.705 225	-1.40
601-313^b		-0.21	0.07	-0.10	0.04
平均值^c		-0.26	0.07	-0.12	0.06
601-325	花岗斑岩	-0.42	0.07	-0.23	0.05	0.84	71.18	48.6	1.96	832	622	0.705 101	-0.85
601-325^b		-0.23	0.05	-0.11	0.03
平均值^c		-0.33	0.07	-0.17	0.06
001-245.5	花岗斑岩	-0.36	0.08	-0.18	0.05	0.58	71.96	47.8	2.39	768	346	0.705 310	-0.86
001-311	花岗斑岩	-0.23	0.08	-0.14	0.05	1.05	68.67	51.6	2.80	1 246	462	0.705 212	-0.90
001-337	花岗斑岩	-0.31	0.06	-0.15	0.04	0.80	71.43	49.4	1.99	1 253	566	0.705 195	-0.90
001-362	花岗斑岩	-0.17	0.08	-0.11	0.05	0.76	69.6	49.3	2.19	2 021	456	0.705 191	-1.12
001-362^b		-0.10	0.07	-0.03	0.04
平均值^c		-0.13	0.08	-0.07	0.05
001-441.6	花岗斑岩	-0.23	0.08	-0.14	0.05	0.9	70.93	49.5	2.71	1 585	409	0.705 220	-1.28
001-470-2	花岗斑岩	-0.31	0.07	-0.16	0.05	0.50	72.59	48.5	1.93	1 695	389	0.705 215	-1.63
001-470-2^b		-0.35	0.07	-0.18	0.04
平均值^c		-0.33	0.06	-0.17	0.04
001-470.2	花岗斑岩	-0.47	0.07	-0.29	0.05	0.54	72.25	48.0	2.11	1 542	430	0.705 181	0.11
001-470.2^b		-0.35	0.07	-0.17	0.04
平均值^c		-0.41	0.07	-0.23	0.05

Fig.3 (a) δ41K versus SiO2, (b) δ41K versus K2O, (c) δ26Mg versus SiO2 and (d) δ26Mg versus MgO diagrams for dioritic enclaves, porphyries and granite porphyries in Qulong copper deposit, southern Tibet. The gray bar represents the average δ41K and δ26Mg values of the mantle (δ41K=-0.42‰±0.08‰[9]; δ26Mg=-0.25‰±0.07‰[56]), respectively. Error bars represent 2 SD uncertainties. Symbols are as in Fig.1.

Fig.4 (a) δ41K versus CIA and (b) δ26Mg versus CIA diagrams for dioritic enclaves, granodiorites and granite porphyries in Qulong copper deposit, southern Tibet. Error bars represent 2 SD uncertainties. Symbols are as in Fig.1.

Fig.5 (a) δ41K versus Sc, (b) δ41K versus Y, (c) δ41K versus Eu/Eu* and (d) δ41K versus Sr diagrams for dioritic enclaves, granodiorites and granite porphyries in Qulong copper deposit, southern Tibet. Error bars represent 2 SD uncertainties. Symbols are as in Fig.1.

Fig.6 Rayleigh distillation model of δ41K during the fractional crystallization of minerals for dioritic enclaves, granodiorites and granite porphyries in Qulong porphyry copper deposit, southern Tibet. Error bars represent 2 SD uncertainties. Symbols are as in Fig.1.

Fig.7 (a) δ41K versus Rb/TiO2, (b) δ26Mg versus Rb/TiO2, (c) δ41K versus Nb/Ta and (d) δ26Mg versus Rb/TiO2 diagrams for dioritic enclaves, granodiorites and granite porphyries in Qulong copper deposit, southern Tibet. Error bars represent 2 SD uncertainties. Symbols are as in Fig.1.

Fig.8 (a)The primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns, (b)chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns, (c) δ7Li versus87Sr/86Sr and (d) δ7Li versus εNd(t) diagrams for dioritic enclaves, granodiorites and granite porphyries in Qulong copper deposit, southern Tibet. The basemaps from [27].

Fig.9 (a) δ41K versus87Sr/86Sr, (b) δ26Mg versus87Sr/86Sr, (c)δ41K versus εNd(t) and (d) δ26Mg versus εNd(t) diagrams for dioritic enclaves in Qulong copper deposit, southern Tibet. Error bars represent 2 SD uncertainties. Symbols are as in Fig.1.

Fig.10 (a) δ41K versus Cu, (b) δ26Mg versus Cu, (c) Rb/TiO2 versus Cu and (d) Nb/Ta versus Cu diagrams for dioritic enclaves, granodiorites and granite porphyries in the Qulong copper deposit, southern Tibet. The gray bar represents the average δ41K and δ26Mg values of the mantle (δ41K=-0.42‰±0.08‰[9]; δ26Mg=-0.25‰±0.07‰[56]). Error bars represent 2 SD uncertainties. Symbols are as in Fig.1.

Fig.11 (a)Cu versus SiO2 diagram; (b)δ7Li versus Cu diagram. The basemaps adapted from [27]. Error bars represent 2 SD uncertainties. Symbols are as in Fig.9.

Fig.12 (a)δ41K versus δ26Mg diagram of altered rocks in the Dexing porphyry copper deposit (basemaps adapted from [16]);(b)δ41K versus δ26Mg diagram of Qulong porphyry copper deposit

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