Spatial distribution, sources and health risks of heavy metals in soil in Qingcheng District, Qingyuan City: Comparison of PCA and PMF model results

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.2.46

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study we collected 122 soil samples from a typical, rapidly transforming industrial urban area in southeastern China to evaluate pollution characteristics of 9 heavy metals (As, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Ti, and Zn) in soil using enrichment factor (EF), geological accumulation index (I_geo), Spearman correlation analysis, potential ecological risk comprehensive index (RI), and human health risk model (HHR); combined with principal component analysis (PCA), positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and geostatistical analysis, the source of heavy metals was investigated. The results showed that As, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn were obviously enriched in soil, but the study area as a whole is clean from heavy metal pollution. Hierarchical clustering and grouping results of heavy metals by PCA and PMF models identified 2 and 3 source areas respectively, which helped to improve the accuracy of source analysis. According to ecological risk assessment the study area as a whole is at slight ecological risk, and Hg poses the highest ecological risk among all elements. By human health risk assessment neither adults nor children in the study area are at health risks from heavy metal pollution, including non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, but we found that heavy metal pollution poses greater health risks to children and should be taken seriously.

Key words: soil heavy metals, source analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), positive matrix factorization model (PMF), health assessment

CLC Number:

NING Wenjing, XIE Xianming, YAN Liping. Spatial distribution, sources and health risks of heavy metals in soil in Qingcheng District, Qingyuan City: Comparison of PCA and PMF model results[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(4): 470-484.

Figures/Tables 16

References 56

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参数	描述	单位	值
IngR	儿童(成人)对土壤的口腔摄入	mg/d	200 (100)
ED	儿童(成人)暴露时间	a	6 (26)
EF	儿童(成人)暴露频率	d/a	350
BW	儿童(成人)的平均体重	kg	15.9(56.8)
ABS	皮肤吸收因子	量纲为一	0.001
AT	致癌(非致癌)作用的平均时间	d	25 550 (365×ED)
InhR	儿童(成人)土壤口鼻吸入率	m³/d	7.5 (15)
SA	儿童(成人)暴露皮肤区域	cm²	2 373 (5 700)
AF	儿童(成人)皮肤表面积土壤黏附系数	mg/cm²	0.2 (0.07)
PEF	粒子排放因子	m³/kg	1.36×10⁹

参数	描述	单位	值
IngR	儿童(成人)对土壤的口腔摄入	mg/d	200 (100)
ED	儿童(成人)暴露时间	a	6 (26)
EF	儿童(成人)暴露频率	d/a	350
BW	儿童(成人)的平均体重	kg	15.9(56.8)
ABS	皮肤吸收因子	量纲为一	0.001
AT	致癌(非致癌)作用的平均时间	d	25 550 (365×ED)
InhR	儿童(成人)土壤口鼻吸入率	m³/d	7.5 (15)
SA	儿童(成人)暴露皮肤区域	cm²	2 373 (5 700)
AF	儿童(成人)皮肤表面积土壤黏附系数	mg/cm²	0.2 (0.07)
PEF	粒子排放因子	m³/kg	1.36×10⁹

参数	Ni	Cu	Zn	Hg	As	Cr	Pb
口腔摄入的剂量	0.02	0.04	0.30	0.000 3	0.000 3	0.003	0.003 5
皮肤接触的剂量	0.005 4	0.012	0.06	0.000 021	0.000 123	0.000 06	0.000 525
口鼻吸入的剂量	0.020 6	0.040 2	0.30	0.000 0857	0.000 3	0.000 028 6	0.003 5
口腔摄入的斜率因子	-	-	-	-	1.50	0.50	0.008 5
皮肤接触的斜率因子	-	-	-	-	3.66	20	-
口鼻吸入的斜率因子	84	-	-	-	15.1	42	-

参数	Ni	Cu	Zn	Hg	As	Cr	Pb
口腔摄入的剂量	0.02	0.04	0.30	0.000 3	0.000 3	0.003	0.003 5
皮肤接触的剂量	0.005 4	0.012	0.06	0.000 021	0.000 123	0.000 06	0.000 525
口鼻吸入的剂量	0.020 6	0.040 2	0.30	0.000 0857	0.000 3	0.000 028 6	0.003 5
口腔摄入的斜率因子	-	-	-	-	1.50	0.50	0.008 5
皮肤接触的斜率因子	-	-	-	-	3.66	20	-
口鼻吸入的斜率因子	84	-	-	-	15.1	42	-

特征值	元素含量w_B/(mg·kg^-1)
特征值	As	Co	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Ti	Zn
最小值	1.17	1.59	5.30	1.40	0.038	0.94	9.00	964	14.20
最大值	121.22	14.88	84.60	138.00	0.381	108.60	129.20	7 104	239.70
平均值	20.77	6.73	39.66	19.76	0.101 8	13.33	46.65	3 544	68.96
中位数	14.21	6.58	39.60	15.90	0.089	12.20	40.90	3 730	52.20
标准差	21.04	2.71	21.74	18.95	0.051 5	11.23	25.62	1 128	45.90
变异系数	1.01	0.40	0.55	0.96	0.51	0.84	0.55	0.32	0.67
研究区背景值	10.40	6.40	38.20	13.50	0.081 8	10.997	38.67	3 707	44.58