Metallogenic patterns and ore deposit model of the tin polymetallic deposits in the southern segment of Great Xing’an Range

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.12

Abstract

Abstract:

The tin polymetallic ore belt of southern Great Xing’an Range (SGXR) is the most important tin ore belt in northern China. Here, aiming to promote regional tin/silver prospecting, we systematically summarized the spatiotemporal distribution and metallogenic characteristics and proposed the deep dynamics and metallogenic models of the tin polymetallic deposits in SGXR. These deposits were formed in an extensional environment, with obvious spatial and temporal aggregation characteristics. They are located between the Erlian-Hegenshan, Huanggang-Ganzhu’ermiao and Xilamulun fault zones and formed mostly between 150-130 Ma, although multi-stage mineralization likely occurred in some large and medium-sized ore deposits. Even though tin mineralization is extensive, few highly differentiated ore-bearing granites are exposed so far, due probably to high background of ore-forming elements in the area, but also likely they are hidden in the depth. The tin polymetallic ore is mainly composed of tin, lead, zinc and silver, with few concurrent or accompanied tungsten mineralization. Multi-stage, multi-type mineralization is a result of multi-stage magma extrusion from a deep magma chamber, which produced ore-forming fluids with similar or different properties. Meanwhile, reactions between ore-forming fluids and surrounding rocks could also affect the fluid composition and evolution. Magma fluid exsolution, stratigraphic activation and extraction, mantle material, atmospheric precipitation, hot brine and metamorphic hydrothermal fluid all played a part in mineralization. Especially in the high temperature, low pressure environment, deep mafic magma degassing not only provided heat source for the mineralization, but also might provide an abundance of ore-forming element and volatile component. During the mineralization process, the main contributing factors for the super enrichments of metal elements were decreasing fluid temperature/pressure, mixing of fluids from different sources, immiscibility of supercritical fluids, multiple boiling of the fluids and water-rock interaction.

Key words: tin polymetallic deposits, spatiotemporal distribution, fluid exsolution, crust-mantle interaction, super enrichment mechanism, southern segment of the Great Xing’an Range

CLC Number:

P618.44
P611

ZHOU Zhenhua, MAO Jingwen. Metallogenic patterns and ore deposit model of the tin polymetallic deposits in the southern segment of Great Xing’an Range[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(1): 176-199.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig.1 Regional tectonic units (a) and distribution map of W-Sn-Nb-Ta deposits (b) in the Xingmeng Orogenic Belt

Fig.2 Geological map of SGXR showing the distribution of tin polymetallic deposits

Fig.3 Histograms showing the distributions of diagenetic (a) and mineralization (b) ages in the tin polymetallic deposits in SGXR

Fig.4 Geochemical classification diagram (a-c) and plot of zircon saturation temperature vs. age (d) for the tin polymetallic ore-bearing granites from SGXR. Data from [10-11,55,69,73,76,115-120] and unpublished work by Zhou et al.

Fig.5 Simulated equilibrium phase diagrams for highly weathered shale rock (APS), illustrating the influence of oxygen fugacity on mineral assemblage, melting condition and melt production. Adapted from [90].

Fig.6 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) and primitive mantle-normalized spider diagrams (b) for representative tin-bearing granites and the Xilinguole complex in SGXR. Chondrite and primitive mantle data from [133]. Granite data from [11]. Xilinguole complex data from [11,134].

Fig.7 Relationships between Sn, Ag, Pb or Zn and Cs contents in isopycnic and brine fluid inclusions in magmatic-hydrothermal deposit after Na standardization. Adapted from [101].

Fig.8 BSE images showing metal sublimates attaching to the vesicle walls in pumice and scoria samples from Stromboli (A-C) and Etna (D) Volcanos, Italy. Adapted from [149].

Fig.9 A mineralization dynamics model for the tin polymetallic deposits in SGXR. Modified after [183-185].

Fig.10 A metallogenic model for the tin polymetallic deposits in SGXR. See the above text for a detailed description of the model.

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