Antimony mineralization and prospecting orientation in the North Himalayan Metallogenic Belt, Tibet

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.5

Abstract

Abstract:

The North Himalayan Metallogenic Belt (NHMB), a global geological hotspot, is an important component of the Tethys-Himalaya Metallogenic Domain. It consists a series of mineral deposits, mainly Sb, Sb-Au, polymetallic Sb, Au, Pb-Zn(Ag), W-Sn(Be), Hg and Cs ore deposits or occurrences. The Sb ore-forming ages are concentrated between 16-24 Ma, coinciding with the post-collisional orogeny metallogenic event N₁(25-9 Ma). Sb is sourced from subvolcanic magmatism which involves rich volatiles formed from decompression and fusion of hypomagma and is responsible for the development of exhalative sedimentation-reworked, magmatic hydrothermal and hot spring deposits. Thus, the mantle-sourced basic-intermediate dykes within orefield are an important control factor and prospecting indicator for Sb mineralization. Sb anomaly is detected along the edge of the Yangzhuoyongcuo rift basin overlapping partially with Au anomaly. Sb anomaly is mainly associated with epithermal deposits where Sb can mineralize separately or intergrow with Au; when Sb anomaly overlaps with Pb-Zn-Ag anomalies, Sb deposits are usually formed from later stage superposition-reformation and associated with Ga-Se-In mineralization. Sb and polymetallic Sb orebodies are nearly SN-trending in forming toruloid geochemical anomalous and mineralization assemblages. They are controlled by strike slip normal fault system and its secondary structures; moreover, in the eastern part of the ore belt, mineralization occurs from north to south in a pattern of Sb → Au-Sb → Au → Sb-Pb-Zn-Ag → W-Sn, indicating the mineralization center lies in the deep or southern part of the Zhaxikang deposit. By contrast, Au and Au-Sb orebodies are nearly EW-trending and controlled by detachment and its secondary structures. The basin-mountain transition region along Mesozoic rift basin in the North Himalayan passive continental margin, specially the intersection area of syndepositional fault zone and Cenozoic SN-trending graben structures, is the key region for ore prospecting, where a series of large and super-large deposits have been discovered, including the Zhaxikang polymetallic Sb deposit—the largest deposit of its kind within the Tethys-Himalayan Metallogenic Domain. To sum up, the NHMB will become one of the most important reserve bases for antimony resources exploration and development in China.

Key words: the North Himalayan Metallogenic Belt (NHMB), antimony mineralization, ore-controlling regularity, prospecting orientation

CLC Number:

P618.66
P612

ZHENG Youye, WANG Da, YI Jianzhou, YU Zezhang, JIANG Zongyang, LI Xiaoxia, SHI Gongwen, XU Jian, LIANG Yuchun, DOU Xiaofang, REN Huan. Antimony mineralization and prospecting orientation in the North Himalayan Metallogenic Belt, Tibet[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(1): 200-230.

Figures/Tables 28

Fig.1 Global distribution of Sb deposits. Modified after [4].

Fig.2 (a) Simplified structural map of the Himalayan region (modified after [32]) and (b) geological map of the NHMB (modified after [31])

Fig.3 (a) Geological map of the Zhaxikang polymetallic Sb deposit (modified from [32]) and (b) cross-section along the exploration line 7 (modified from [31])

Table 1 Ore paragenetic sequence in the Zhaxikang polymetallic Sb deposit

Fig.4 Photos of hand specimen from the Zhaxikang polymetallic Sb deposit

Fig.5 Multi-element variation in sulfides from the Zhaxikang deposit. Modified after [78].

Fig.6 Temperature-salinity histogram for fluid inclusions at various ore-forming stages in the Zhaxikang deposit

Fig.7 δ13CPDB-δ18 O SMO Wdiagram for carbonate minerals, wall-rocks and diabase from the Zhaxikang deposit. Modified after [80].

Fig.8 δD-δ18 O H 2 Odiagram for Mn-Fe carbonate and quartz from the Zhaxikang deposit. Modified after [81].

Fig.9 Comparison of S isotopic compositions between the Zhaxikang deposit and typical SEDEX deposits. Modified after [82].

Fig.10 Pb-isotope tectonic setting discrimination diagram and growth curve for the Zhaxikang deposit. Modified after [83].

Fig.11 R/Ra-40Ar/36Ar diagram for the Zhaxikang deposit. Modified after [84].

Fig.12 Sr-isotope two-component mixing model for Mn-Fe carbonate and calcite from Zhaxikang deposit. Modified after [85].

Fig.13 Zn/Cd-δ114/110Cd diagram for sphalerite in different mineralization systems and from the Zhaxikang deposit (blue dot). Modified after [86].

Fig.14 Multi-element isochron diagrams for the Zhaxikang polymetallic Sb deposit. Modified after [75,91].

Fig.15 Geological map of the Mazhala Sb-Au deposit

Fig.16 Photos of hand specimen of ore samples from the Mazhala Sb-Au deposit

Fig.17 BES images of main Au-bearing minerals in the Mazhala Sb-Au deposit

Fig.18 Distribution characteristics of native gold in the Mazhala Sb-Au deposit

Table 2 Paragenetic sequence in the Mazhala Sb-Au deposit

矿物名称	沉积变质期	热液成矿期			表生期
矿物名称	沉积变质期	毒砂-黄铁矿-石英阶段	辉锑矿-石英阶段	石英-碳酸盐阶段	表生期
石英	---------	---------	=====	---------
白云母/绢云母	---------	---------	---------
伊利石	---------	---------	---------
绿泥石	---------	---------	---------
方解石			---------	=====
铁镁碳酸盐			---------	---------
草莓状黄铁矿	---------
热液黄铁矿		=====	---------	---------
毒砂		=====	---------	---------
辉锑矿			=====
自然金		---------	=====		---------
褐铁矿					=====
锑华					---------

Fig.19 Au-As plot for three pyrite types from the Mazhala Sb-Au deposit. Modified after [95].

Fig.20 Geological map of the Cheqiongzhuobu Sb deposit

Fig.21 Photos of hand specimen from the Cheqiongzhuobu Sb deposit

Table 3 Paragenetic sequence in the Cheqiongzhuobu Sb deposit

矿物名称	热液(泉)期			表生期
矿物名称	石英-黄铁矿阶段	辉锑矿-石英阶段	辉锑矿-方解石阶段	表生期
乳白色石英	---------
灰色/透明石英		=====	---------	---------
辉锑矿		=====	=====
黄铁矿	---------	---------
毒砂		---------	---------
方解石			=====
褐铁矿				---------
锑华				---------

Fig.22 NaCl-H2O system ρ-T-p diagram for fluid inclusions in the Cheqiongzhuobu Sb deposit. Adapted from [51].

Table 4 Summary of metallogenic ages of major Sb deposits in the NHMB. Data adapted from [31,51,74,93].

矿床	测试样品	测试方法	年龄/Ma
扎西康锑多金属矿床	与石英-黄铁矿共生的含铬绢云母	⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar	17.9±0.5
扎西康锑多金属矿床	石英辉锑矿脉中石英	ESR	18.3±1.8
车穷卓布锑矿床	辉锑矿石英脉	ESR	18.0±1.8
壤拉锑矿床	冰洲石-石英脉	ESR	18.6
哲古锑金矿床	辉锑矿石英脉	ESR	18.4±1.8
马扎拉锑金矿床	石英矿脉	ESR	24.2±2.4
得龙锑矿床	辉锑矿石英脉	ESR	23.2±2.3
沙拉岗锑矿床	辉锑矿石英脉	ESR	18.0±1.8
沙拉岗锑矿床	辉绿岩中的锆石	U-Pb	23.6±0.8

Fig.23 Mapping of single-element (A) and zonality (B) anomalies of Sb in the NHMB

Fig.24 Ore-controlling structural framework and distributions of main ore deposits and mineralization districts in the NHMB. Modified after [31].

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