Fig.1 Schematic illustration of the multidisciplinary, multi-dimensional, multi-modal, and multi-source data integration approach for exploring the architecture of deep Earth materials

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the theoretical and technicalframwork for exploring the deep material composition architecture of the lithosphere, integrating multidisciplinary approaches, multi-dimensional and multi-modal techniques, and diverse datasets for joint tracing and mapping

Fig.3 Flowchart of the application process of the theoretical and technical framework for exploring the deep material composition architecture of the lithosphere using multidisciplinary approaches, multi-dimensional and multi-modal techniques, and the integration of diverse data for joint tracing and mapping

Fig.4 Method for iterative analysis of deep rock types using multiple geophysical parameters (such as seismic wave velocity, density, magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, and heat flow values). Adapted from [88,90].

Fig.5 Isotope mapping and geophysical jointtracing and detect the deep material architecture in the Western Junggar region of the Central Asian Accretionary Orogenic Belt. (a) Contour map of δ18O for intermediate-felsic magmatic rocks (modified from [29]), (b) vS map at 39 km depth (data were obtained from mobile broadband seismic stations; Zhu Xiaoshan et al., unpublished data).

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of deep material investigation results for juvenile intra-oceanic arc terranes in West Junggar and ancient terranes in West Tianshan, western Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Left panel: Geochemical fingerprints and geophysical constraints on the middle-lower crust and mantle; Right panel: Surface magmatic rock assemblages and their inferred deep source lithologies within the terranes.

Fig.7 Characteristics of Hg isotope composition in Miocene igneous rocks of the Gangdese Belt. Adapted from [81].

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of deep material exploration results in the central ancient block and southern young block of the Lhasa Terrane in the Tibetan Plateau. The left figure shows the main geochemical and geophysical parameters of the upper crust, middle-lower crust, and mantle in the aforementioned blocks; the right figure shows the surface igneous rock assemblages in the blocks and their inferred deep-source rock types.

Fig.9 Architecture of the Lhasa block. (a),(b) and (c)contour maps of zircon εHf(t), whole-rock εNd(t), and zircon δ18O for Cenozoic igneous rocks (<65 Ma) in the Lhasa block; (d)70 km depth slice of the resistivity model from 3-D MT inversion of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen shows four zones of lower-crustal conductors across the Lhasa block; (e) A cartoon showing the tearing of the Indian lithospheric slab with different subduction angles beneath the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen and the formation of collision-related PCDs[132-133].

Fig.10 Whole-rock Sr-Nd and zircon Hf isotope mapping of felsic rocks in the destruction region (Jiaodong) of North China Craton

Fig.11 Simplified diagram of the lithosphere compositional architecture in the North China Craton destruction region (Jiaodong). Adapted from [142].

Fig.12 Schematic diagram showing the deep material architecture both in the stable western region and the destructed eastern region of the North China Craton The left figure shows the main geochemical and geophysical parameters of the uppercrust, middle-lowercrust, and mantle in the aforementioned blocks; the right figure shows the surface igneous rock assemblages in the blocks and their inferred deep-source rock types.

Fig.13 Nd isotope mapping profiles reveal differences in deep material composition between the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). (a) Profile across the Siberian Craton - Central Asian Orogenic Belt - North China Craton; (b) and (c), Nd isotope profiles along the boundary between the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and the North China Craton.

Fig.14 Deep material compositionarchitxcture of the Junggar Orogen and the Junggar Basin in the western CAOB and the juvenile mafic characteristics of the basin basement. (a) Whole-rock Nd + zircon Hf isotope joint maps of intermediate-acidic magmatic rocks outside and within the basin (drill holes); (b) Shear wave velocity distribution map at a depth of 30~40 km obtained from surface wave imaging; (c) Nb isotope, Hf isotope, and Sr isotope profiles, xenocrystic/ inherited zircon profiles, and shear wave velocity (vS) profiles, along with the inferred SiO2 profiles, show consistency (with a similarity of ) and reveal that the Western Junggar Orogen and the basin have similar juvenile mafic crustal characteristics. Modified after [52].

Fig.15 Three-dimensional deep material architectures of three major typical tectonicunits:the Central Asian Accretionary Orogenic Belt, the Tibetan Plateau Collisional Orogenic Belt, and the North China Craton. (a) Three-dimensional lithospheric material architecture of the accretionary orogenic belt in northern Xinjiang; (b) Three-dimensional lithospheric material architecture of the Gangdese collisional orogenic belt; (c) Three-dimensional lithospheric architecture of the North China Craton. 3-D lithospheric material architecture

Fig.16 Nd + Hf joint isotope mapping of felsic-intermediate and mafic magmatic rocks in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt showing the deep crust and mantle architecture (3D) and its evolution (4D). Modified after [52]. (a) 600~320 and (b) 320~250 Ma.

Fig.17 Nd isotope mapping of eight typical orogens worldwide reveals deep material architectures and their constraints on mineralization. Blue areas represent juvenile crust, and brown areas represent ancient reworked crust. The enclosed lines indicate predicted strategic target regions. Base map adapted from [52].

Fig.18 Nd isotope mapping of the deep material in the Altai region and surface geochemical exploration reveal the three-dimensional material architecture of the surface and lower crust, as well as the prediction of new strategic lithium ore districts and target zones