Metallogenic characteristics and ore deposit model of porphyry copper-epithermal gold system in the Duobaoshan ore field, eastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.2.78

Abstract

Abstract:

The Duobaoshan ore field, situated in the eastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), represents the largest porphyry Cu (Mo)-epithermal Au metallogenic system with an ancient mineralization age (477-470 Ma) in Northeast China. The reserves of copper, molybdenum, and gold resources have been preliminarily estimated to be over 5 Mt, 0.16 Mt, and 130 t, respectively. Despite this, the metallogenic characteristics and ore deposit model of this system remain unclear. This study comprehensively analyzes the geological, geochemical characteristics, and timing of the deposit. It suggests the presence of two mineralization events in the metallogenic system: the primary episode, occurring in the early Ordovician, and a subsequent superimposed mineralization event in the late Triassic. The mineralization exhibits spatial zonation, with explosive brecciated copper mineralization in the lower part, vein copper mineralization in the middle part, and gold mineralization in the upper part. Wall-rock alteration progresses from the center to both sides or from early to late, transitioning through potassic-biotite, propylitic, clay, carbonate, phyllic, and silicification alteration zones. The ore-forming fluids are identified as magmatic water, transitioning from porphyry copper to epithermal gold deposits or from Duobaoshan to Zhengguang deposits, with a trend of increasing proportions of meteoric water. The high Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ ratios (174-461; average 290) and high $f O 2$ characteristics of the adakitic magma suggest a main mineralization related to crust-mantle mixed-sourced magmatism linked to the subduction of the Paleozoic Paleo-Asian Ocean. Mineralization is controlled by ancient volcanic mechanisms, and the increase in metallogenic depth from northwest to southeast is associated with denudation levels. The presence of the Tongshan reverse fault influences mineralization, indicating the south of the Tongshan fault as a promising exploration target. Furthermore, an ore deposit model for the Paleozoic porphyry copper-epithermal gold system in this region is proposed to guide future mineral exploration efforts.

Key words: porphyry copper-epithermal gold metallogenic system, Paleozoic large-scale mineralization, metallogenic characteristics, ore deposit model, Duobaoshan ore field, eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt

CLC Number:

BAI Chenglin, XIE Guiqing, ZHAO Junkang, LI Wei, ZHU Qiaoqiao. Metallogenic characteristics and ore deposit model of porphyry copper-epithermal gold system in the Duobaoshan ore field, eastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(3): 170-198.

Figures/Tables 22

Fig.1 Tectonic position of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) (A), tectonic sketch maps of Northeast China (B), and geological and mineral distribution map of the Greater Xing’an Range area (C). Modified after [12] for A, [11] for B, and [13] for C.

Fig.2 Geological map of the Duobaoshan ore field (A) and the Tongshan, Duobaoshan, and Zhengguang deposits (B-D). Modified after [20] for A, [21] for B, [22] for C, and [23] for D.

Fig.3 Cross-sections of the Tongshan deposit (No.1064) (A), the Duobaoshan deposit (No.66) (B), and the Zhengguang deposit (No. 49275) (C). Modified after [28] for A, [22] for B, and [23] for C.

Table 1 Overview of characteristics of typical porphyry-epithermal deposits in the Duobaoshan ore field

矿床名称	地理位置	经纬度		已探明主矿产资源储量		平均品位
多宝山铜钼矿床	黑龙江省嫩江县	125°47'12″,50°14'41″		铜306.1万t(超大型)、钼12.1万t(大型)		Cu: 0.47%;Mo: 0.02%
铜山铜钼矿床	黑龙江省嫩江县	125°49'27″,50°13'31″		铜168.8万t(超大型)、钼4.3万t(中型)		Cu: 0.44%;Mo: 0.02%
争光金矿床	黑龙江省黑河市	125°52'54″,50°12'06″		金>35 t(大型)		Au: 3.5 g/t
矿床名称	伴生矿产资源	赋矿地层		成矿岩体		控矿构造
多宝山铜钼矿床	金(77.2 t)、银(1 727.3 t)、铂(0.2 t)、硒(1 411 t)、铼(75 t)、镉(137 t)	奥陶系多宝山组		花岗闪长(斑)岩、英云闪长岩		NW向弧型构造带
铜山铜钼矿床	金(13.7 t)、银(382.3 t)、锌(10.4万t)、铅(0.3万t)、铼(24 t)	奥陶系多宝山组		花岗闪长岩、英云闪长岩		NW向反S型弧形构造带, 近EW向铜山断裂
争光金矿床	锌(8万t)、银(100 t)	奥陶系多宝山组		闪长岩、闪长玢岩		NE、NW向构造破碎带
矿床名称	矿体特征		金属矿物组合		矿石组构特征
多宝山铜钼矿床	不规则状、扁豆状、条带状、透镜状矿体		黄铜矿、辉钼矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿		它形-半自形粒状、交代残余结构; 细脉状、浸染状构造
铜山铜钼矿床	不规则状、扁豆状、透镜状矿体		黄铁矿、黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉钼矿		斑状结构、粒状结构、交代残余结构、固溶体分离结构;浸染状、细脉状构造
争光金矿床	脉状、不规则脉状矿体		黄铜矿、黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、自然金		它形-半自形粒装结构、固溶体分离结构、交代残余结构;脉状、浸染状构造
矿床名称	围岩蚀变		矿床成因		参考文献
多宝山铜钼矿床	硅化、钾化、绢英岩化、青磐岩化、碳酸盐化		斑岩型		[4⇓⇓-7, 9-10, 18⇓-20, 22, 27, 29-30]
铜山铜钼矿床	硅化、黑云母化、钾长石化、绢云母化、青磐岩化、伊利石-水白云母化、黏土化		斑岩型		[4-5, 8, 10, 19, 21, 25⇓-27]
争光金矿床	青磐岩化(面型)、硅化、绢云母化、高岭土化、碳酸盐化		浅成低温热液型		[4-5, 23, 27, 31⇓⇓⇓⇓-36]

Table 1 Overview of characteristics of typical porphyry-epithermal deposits in the Duobaoshan ore field

矿床名称	地理位置	经纬度		已探明主矿产资源储量		平均品位
多宝山铜钼矿床	黑龙江省嫩江县	125°47'12″,50°14'41″		铜306.1万t(超大型)、钼12.1万t(大型)		Cu: 0.47%;Mo: 0.02%
铜山铜钼矿床	黑龙江省嫩江县	125°49'27″,50°13'31″		铜168.8万t(超大型)、钼4.3万t(中型)		Cu: 0.44%;Mo: 0.02%
争光金矿床	黑龙江省黑河市	125°52'54″,50°12'06″		金>35 t(大型)		Au: 3.5 g/t
矿床名称	伴生矿产资源	赋矿地层		成矿岩体		控矿构造
多宝山铜钼矿床	金(77.2 t)、银(1 727.3 t)、铂(0.2 t)、硒(1 411 t)、铼(75 t)、镉(137 t)	奥陶系多宝山组		花岗闪长(斑)岩、英云闪长岩		NW向弧型构造带
铜山铜钼矿床	金(13.7 t)、银(382.3 t)、锌(10.4万t)、铅(0.3万t)、铼(24 t)	奥陶系多宝山组		花岗闪长岩、英云闪长岩		NW向反S型弧形构造带, 近EW向铜山断裂
争光金矿床	锌(8万t)、银(100 t)	奥陶系多宝山组		闪长岩、闪长玢岩		NE、NW向构造破碎带
矿床名称	矿体特征		金属矿物组合		矿石组构特征
多宝山铜钼矿床	不规则状、扁豆状、条带状、透镜状矿体		黄铜矿、辉钼矿、斑铜矿、黄铁矿		它形-半自形粒状、交代残余结构; 细脉状、浸染状构造
铜山铜钼矿床	不规则状、扁豆状、透镜状矿体		黄铁矿、黄铜矿、斑铜矿、辉钼矿		斑状结构、粒状结构、交代残余结构、固溶体分离结构;浸染状、细脉状构造
争光金矿床	脉状、不规则脉状矿体		黄铜矿、黄铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、自然金		它形-半自形粒装结构、固溶体分离结构、交代残余结构;脉状、浸染状构造
矿床名称	围岩蚀变		矿床成因		参考文献
多宝山铜钼矿床	硅化、钾化、绢英岩化、青磐岩化、碳酸盐化		斑岩型		[4⇓⇓-7, 9-10, 18⇓-20, 22, 27, 29-30]
铜山铜钼矿床	硅化、黑云母化、钾长石化、绢云母化、青磐岩化、伊利石-水白云母化、黏土化		斑岩型		[4-5, 8, 10, 19, 21, 25⇓-27]
争光金矿床	青磐岩化(面型)、硅化、绢云母化、高岭土化、碳酸盐化		浅成低温热液型		[4-5, 23, 27, 31⇓⇓⇓⇓-36]

Table 2 Fluid inclusion characteristics of typical deposits in Duobaoshan ore field

Fig.4 Homogenization temperature and salinity diagram of fluid inclusions in the Duobaoshan ore field (A-C) and depth-temperature diagram of boiling curve of NaCl-H2O system with different salinities in the Zhengguang deposit (D). Adapted from [4,6,8,38].

Table 3 H-O isotope characteristics of typical deposits in the Duobaoshan ore field

矿床名称	样品特征	矿物名称	δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW/‰	δ¹⁸ $O H 2 O$ /‰	δD/‰	T/℃	数据来源文献
多宝山	钾硅化阶段	石英	10.4	7.6	-95.5	500	[46]
	钾硅化阶段	石英	10.9	8.1	-94.4	500	[46]
	钾硅化阶段	石英	10.0	7.2	-87.2	500	[46]
	硅钾化石英	石英	9.5	6.1	-89.5	431	[4]
	硅钾化石英	石英	9.2	5.8	-88.4	431	[4]
	钾硅化石英脉	石英	10.6	6.0	-94.6	380	[22]
	II阶段(Qtz-Py)	石英	12.3	6.9	-93.5	347	[4]
	II阶段(Qtz-Py)	石英	11.4	6.0	-98.7	347	[4]
	II阶段(Qtz-Py)	石英	10.3	4.9	-110.0	347	[4]
	II阶段(Qtz-Py)	石英	10.8	5.4	-103.0	347	[4]
	黄铜矿化石英	石英	9.1	2.2	-97.0	300	[42]
	黄铜矿化石英	石英	10.2	3.3	-101.0	300	[42]
	主成矿期石英	石英	11.3	4.5	-105.0	300	[22]
	III阶段(Qtz-Ccp-Mo)	石英	12.5	5.1	-99.2	286	[4]
	III阶段(Qtz-Ccp-Mo)	石英	12.1	4.7	-92.4	286	[4]
	III阶段(Qtz-Ccp-Mo)	石英	11.6	4.2	-83.4	286	[4]
	III阶段(Qtz-Ccp-Mo)	石英	11.9	4.5	-89.7	286	[4]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	11.8	2.4	-85.9	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	12.0	2.6	-102.0	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	11.9	2.5	-94.0	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	12.8	3.4	-99.5	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	12.1	2.7	-86.2	250	[46]
	IV阶段(Qtz-Cal)	石英	11.6	-0.3	-96.1	197	[4]
	IV阶段(Qtz-Cal)	石英	11.4	-0.5	-99.8	197	[4]
铜山	II阶段(Qtz-Py)	石英	11.4	6.1	-92.7	350	[4]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	11.3	1.9	-101.0	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	12.6	3.2	-95.7	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	12.1	2.7	-104.0	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	11.4	2.0	-104.0	250	[46]
	III阶段(Qtz-Ccp-Mo)	石英	11.5	2.5	-112.0	249	[4]
争光	贫矿闪长岩	石英	7.3	-6.1	-67.0	170	[47]
	贫矿绢云板岩	石英	12.1	-1.2	-63.0	176	[47]
	富矿绢云板岩	石英	10.1	-7.0	-85.0	159	[47]
	富矿凝灰熔岩	石英	6.6	-0.6	-73.0	150	[47]
	富矿绢云板岩	石英	15.6	-0.2	-73.0	141	[47]
	富矿绢云板岩	石英	14.2	-4.2	-79.0	133	[47]

Table 3 H-O isotope characteristics of typical deposits in the Duobaoshan ore field

矿床名称	样品特征	矿物名称	δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW/‰	δ¹⁸ $O H 2 O$ /‰	δD/‰	T/℃	数据来源文献
多宝山	钾硅化阶段	石英	10.4	7.6	-95.5	500	[46]
	钾硅化阶段	石英	10.9	8.1	-94.4	500	[46]
	钾硅化阶段	石英	10.0	7.2	-87.2	500	[46]
	硅钾化石英	石英	9.5	6.1	-89.5	431	[4]
	硅钾化石英	石英	9.2	5.8	-88.4	431	[4]
	钾硅化石英脉	石英	10.6	6.0	-94.6	380	[22]
	II阶段(Qtz-Py)	石英	12.3	6.9	-93.5	347	[4]
	II阶段(Qtz-Py)	石英	11.4	6.0	-98.7	347	[4]
	II阶段(Qtz-Py)	石英	10.3	4.9	-110.0	347	[4]
	II阶段(Qtz-Py)	石英	10.8	5.4	-103.0	347	[4]
	黄铜矿化石英	石英	9.1	2.2	-97.0	300	[42]
	黄铜矿化石英	石英	10.2	3.3	-101.0	300	[42]
	主成矿期石英	石英	11.3	4.5	-105.0	300	[22]
	III阶段(Qtz-Ccp-Mo)	石英	12.5	5.1	-99.2	286	[4]
	III阶段(Qtz-Ccp-Mo)	石英	12.1	4.7	-92.4	286	[4]
	III阶段(Qtz-Ccp-Mo)	石英	11.6	4.2	-83.4	286	[4]
	III阶段(Qtz-Ccp-Mo)	石英	11.9	4.5	-89.7	286	[4]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	11.8	2.4	-85.9	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	12.0	2.6	-102.0	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	11.9	2.5	-94.0	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	12.8	3.4	-99.5	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	12.1	2.7	-86.2	250	[46]
	IV阶段(Qtz-Cal)	石英	11.6	-0.3	-96.1	197	[4]
	IV阶段(Qtz-Cal)	石英	11.4	-0.5	-99.8	197	[4]
铜山	II阶段(Qtz-Py)	石英	11.4	6.1	-92.7	350	[4]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	11.3	1.9	-101.0	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	12.6	3.2	-95.7	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	12.1	2.7	-104.0	250	[46]
	绢英岩化-铜矿化阶段	石英	11.4	2.0	-104.0	250	[46]
	III阶段(Qtz-Ccp-Mo)	石英	11.5	2.5	-112.0	249	[4]
争光	贫矿闪长岩	石英	7.3	-6.1	-67.0	170	[47]
	贫矿绢云板岩	石英	12.1	-1.2	-63.0	176	[47]
	富矿绢云板岩	石英	10.1	-7.0	-85.0	159	[47]
	富矿凝灰熔岩	石英	6.6	-0.6	-73.0	150	[47]
	富矿绢云板岩	石英	15.6	-0.2	-73.0	141	[47]
	富矿绢云板岩	石英	14.2	-4.2	-79.0	133	[47]

Fig.5 Isotope geochemical characteristic diagrams of H-O-S-Pb-Re in the Duobaoshan ore field. Adapted from [4-5,9-10,19,22,24-25,30,32,34,42⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-49].

Table 4 S isotope characteristics of typical deposits in the Duobaoshan ore field

矿床名称	测试对象	δ³⁴S_CDT/‰	资料来源
多宝山	黄铜矿	-4.7~-0.7	[4, 9, 19, 22, 42, 44]
	黄铁矿	-2.8~1.1
	斑铜矿	-3.1~-0.2
	辉钼矿	-0.6~0.7
	辉铜矿	2.5
	方铅矿	-2.3
铜山	黄铜矿	-3.6~-1.7	[4, 19, 25, 45]
铜山	黄铁矿	-2.1~-0.4	[4, 19, 25, 45]
争光	黄铁矿	-12.1	[4, 32, 34, 43]
	黄铁矿	-8.9~-1.5
	方铅矿	-1.7

Table 5 Pb isotope characteristics of typical deposits in the Duobaoshan ore field

矿床名称	矿物岩石名称	²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb	²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb	数据来源文献
多宝山	黄铁矿	17.704	15.431	37.314	[4]
	黄铁矿	17.812	15,401	37.426	[4]
	黄铜矿	17.677	15.390	37.156	[4]
	黄铜矿	17.782	15.370	37.241	[4]
	硫化物	17.996	15.568	37.707	[22]
	黄铁矿	17.201	15.460	37.546	[19]
	黄铜矿	17.941	15.454	37.243	[19]
	黄铜矿	17.896	15.455	37.319	[19]
	黄铁矿	17.887	15.483	36.974	[19]
	黄铜矿	17.906	15.461	37.340	[19]
	黄铁矿	17.859	15.448	37.331	[19]
	黄铜矿	18.037	15.500	37.520	[19]
	黄铁矿	17.985	15.475	37.431	[19]
	黄铁矿	17.695	15.445	37.265	[19]
	黄铁矿	17.840	15.496	37.449	[19]
	黄铜矿	18.129	15.507	37.734	[19]
铜山	黄铁矿	17.827	15.406	37.201	[4]
	黄铁矿	18.067	15.551	37.999	[19]
	黄铁矿	18.340	15.513	37.682	[19]
	黄铁矿	18.453	15.525	37.638	[19]
	黄铁矿	17.951	15.521	37.866	[19]
	黄铁矿	17.591	15.449	37.280	[19]
	黄铁矿	17.691	15.485	37.500	[19]
	黄铜矿	17.682	15.480	37.402	[45]
	黄铁矿	17.725	15.471	37.395	[45]
	黄铁矿	17.710	15.479	37.425	[45]
	黄铁矿	17.703	15.475	37.409	[45]
	黄铁矿	17.798	15.495	37.520	[45]
争光	黄铁矿	17.573	15.432	37.231	[34]
	黄铁矿	17.572	15.424	37.206	[34]
	黄铁矿	17.614	15.433	37.247	[34]
	黄铁矿	17.629	15.486	37.418	[34]
	黄铁矿	17.614	15.471	37.360	[34]
	黄铁矿	17.594	15.441	37.264	[4]
多宝山组地层	绢云板岩	17.660	15.490	37.380	[47]
	绢云板岩	17.950	15.360	37.020	[47]
	绢云板岩	17.710	15.490	37.390	[47]
	凝灰岩	18.390	15.590	37.700	[47]
	凝灰熔岩	17.570	15.430	37.170	[47]
	多宝山组安山质凝灰岩	17.635	15.484	37.360	[49]
	多宝山组安山质凝灰岩	18.055	15.439	37.346	[49]
	多宝山组安山质凝灰岩	18.392	15.586	37.697	[49]
	多宝山组安山质凝灰岩	17.676	15.438	37.264	[49]

Table 6 Re isotope characteristics of typical deposits in the Duobaoshan ore field

矿床名称	模式年龄/Ma	w(Re)/10^-6	数据来源文献
多宝山	521~507	303.2~567.0	[10]
	482.6	406.8	[24]
	483~469	399.0~729.4	[48]
	480~447	121.7~887.6	[9]
铜山	505~476	497.0~822.0	[10]
	476.6	1 159.0	[9]
	475~471	151.8~1 650.8	[30]
	232.8	312.5	[5]
争光	484~476	295.9~394.7	[32]

Fig.6 Global distribution of porphyry-epithermal copper, molybdenum, and gold mineralization and Phanerozoic metallogenic age statistical diagram. Modified after [52-53].

Table 7 Statistics of isotopic ages of diagenesis and mineralization of typical deposits in the Duobaoshan ore field

矿床名称	测试对象	测试方法	年龄/Ma	成岩成矿时代	参考文献
多宝山	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	521~507	寒武纪	[10]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	486±4	早奥陶世	[24]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	476±8	早奥陶世	[9]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	477±3	早奥陶世	[4]
	玄武岩	LA-ICP-MS	506±3	寒武纪	[20]
	超镁铁质岩石	LA-ICP-MS	497±6	寒武纪	[44]
	流纹斑岩	LA-ICP-MS	491±5	寒武纪	[44]
	黑云母花岗闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS/SHRIMP	484±4	早奥陶世	[48]
	花岗闪长斑岩	LA-ICP-MS/SIMS	475±5	早奥陶世	[4]
	花岗闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS/SHRIMP	480~475	早奥陶世	[4,9,29,48]
	英云闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS/SHRIMP	231~223	中晚三叠世	[9,20,27]
	花岗闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS	128±1	早白垩世	[4]
	蚀变安山岩	LA-ICP-MS	127±1	早白垩世	[4]
铜山	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	477±7	早奥陶世	[9]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	473±4	早奥陶世	[5]
	辉钼矿/黄铜矿/黄铁矿	Re-Os同位素测年	477~470	早奥陶世	[19]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	476±1	早奥陶世	[4]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	229±4	中三叠世	[5]
	花岗闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS	478~476	早奥陶世	[5,25,30]
	英云闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS	479~461	早中奥陶世	[4,19,26]
	花岗闪长斑岩	LA-ICP-MS	474±2	早奥陶世	[21]
	斑状花岗岩	LA-ICP-MS	241~231	中三叠世	[5,27,30]
	英云闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS	214±3	晚三叠世	[25]
争光	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	506±44	寒武纪	[50]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	475±8	早奥陶世	[4]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	246±6	早三叠世	[4]
	闪长岩/闪长玢岩	LA-ICP-MS	492~481	早奥陶世	[31]
	英安斑岩	LA-ICP-MS	481~480	早奥陶世	[31,36]
	闪长岩/闪长玢岩	LA-ICP-MS	478~469	早中奥陶世	[4,31]
	英云闪长斑岩	LA-ICP-MS	462±2	中奥陶世	[33-34]
	闪长岩/闪长玢岩	LA-ICP-MS	440~436	早志留世	[31]
	花岗闪长斑岩	LA-ICP-MS	436±2	早志留世	[35]
	闪长玢岩	LA-ICP-MS	292±6	中二叠世	[35]

Table 7 Statistics of isotopic ages of diagenesis and mineralization of typical deposits in the Duobaoshan ore field

矿床名称	测试对象	测试方法	年龄/Ma	成岩成矿时代	参考文献
多宝山	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	521~507	寒武纪	[10]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	486±4	早奥陶世	[24]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	476±8	早奥陶世	[9]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	477±3	早奥陶世	[4]
	玄武岩	LA-ICP-MS	506±3	寒武纪	[20]
	超镁铁质岩石	LA-ICP-MS	497±6	寒武纪	[44]
	流纹斑岩	LA-ICP-MS	491±5	寒武纪	[44]
	黑云母花岗闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS/SHRIMP	484±4	早奥陶世	[48]
	花岗闪长斑岩	LA-ICP-MS/SIMS	475±5	早奥陶世	[4]
	花岗闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS/SHRIMP	480~475	早奥陶世	[4,9,29,48]
	英云闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS/SHRIMP	231~223	中晚三叠世	[9,20,27]
	花岗闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS	128±1	早白垩世	[4]
	蚀变安山岩	LA-ICP-MS	127±1	早白垩世	[4]
铜山	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	477±7	早奥陶世	[9]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	473±4	早奥陶世	[5]
	辉钼矿/黄铜矿/黄铁矿	Re-Os同位素测年	477~470	早奥陶世	[19]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	476±1	早奥陶世	[4]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	229±4	中三叠世	[5]
	花岗闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS	478~476	早奥陶世	[5,25,30]
	英云闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS	479~461	早中奥陶世	[4,19,26]
	花岗闪长斑岩	LA-ICP-MS	474±2	早奥陶世	[21]
	斑状花岗岩	LA-ICP-MS	241~231	中三叠世	[5,27,30]
	英云闪长岩	LA-ICP-MS	214±3	晚三叠世	[25]
争光	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	506±44	寒武纪	[50]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	475±8	早奥陶世	[4]
	辉钼矿	Re-Os同位素测年	246±6	早三叠世	[4]
	闪长岩/闪长玢岩	LA-ICP-MS	492~481	早奥陶世	[31]
	英安斑岩	LA-ICP-MS	481~480	早奥陶世	[31,36]
	闪长岩/闪长玢岩	LA-ICP-MS	478~469	早中奥陶世	[4,31]
	英云闪长斑岩	LA-ICP-MS	462±2	中奥陶世	[33-34]
	闪长岩/闪长玢岩	LA-ICP-MS	440~436	早志留世	[31]
	花岗闪长斑岩	LA-ICP-MS	436±2	早志留世	[35]
	闪长玢岩	LA-ICP-MS	292±6	中二叠世	[35]

Table 8 Comparison of metallogenic depth between the Duobaoshan ore field and typical porphyry deposits at home and abroad

矿床与成矿深度分类	构造环境	岩浆岩	矿体及矿石特征	热液蚀变
浅成(0.5~2 km)	岛弧、陆缘弧和陆-陆碰撞造山环境	角砾岩、英安斑岩、英云闪长斑岩、黑云母二长花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩、石英闪长斑岩	矿体呈透镜体、板柱状;组构为细脉浸染状、网脉状、角砾状,还发育单向固结结构(UST)、梳状构造	高级泥化、绢云母化、硅化、钾化
中成(≥2~6 km)	陆缘弧和陆-陆碰撞造山环境以及板内环境	角砾岩、石英斑岩、石英闪长斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩、花岗二长斑岩、煌斑岩	矿体呈透镜状、脉状;矿石组构为细脉浸染状、块状、网脉状	钾化、青磐岩化、泥化、黄铁绢云母化、黑云母化、电气石化、夕卡岩化
深成(≥6 km)	陆源弧环境	石英二长斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩、花岗二长斑岩	矿体呈柱状、脉状;矿石组构为块状、细脉浸染状、网脉状	钾化、黄铁绢云母化、青磐岩化、云英岩化、黄玉-石英云英岩化
本文	岛弧环境	花岗闪长岩、英云闪长岩、花岗闪长斑岩	矿体为透镜状、扁豆状、条带状、不规则状;矿石组构为细脉状、浸细脉浸染状	硅化、钾化、黑云母化、绢英岩化、青磐岩化、伊利石-水白云母化、碳酸盐化、黏土化
矿床与成矿深度分类	典型特征	成矿体系特征	成矿机制	矿床实例
浅成(0.5~2 km)	斑岩金-斑岩铜金-斑岩铜矿床;Cu/Au(摩尔比)<40 000	H₂O-NaCl、低密度富气和含多个NaCl子晶包裹体(盐度较高,可达80%)	流体混合、沸腾作用	Refugio(智利)、Batu Hijau(印度尼西亚)、Lepanto(菲律宾)
中成(≥2~6 km)	斑岩铜-斑岩铜钼-斑岩钼矿床;Cu/Au(摩尔比)=10 000~40 000	H₂O-NaCl和H₂O-NaCl-CO₂ 体系、高密度富气和含单个NaCl子晶包裹体、盐度相对较高(35%~80%)	流体混合、不混溶作用	Salvador(智利)、Teniente(智利)、Yerington(美国)、Bingham(美国)、Hall(美国)、玉龙(中国)、德兴(中国)
深成(≥6 km)	斑岩铜钼-斑岩钼-斑岩钨锡矿;Cu/Au(摩尔比)>100 000	富CO₂、盐度低(<40%)	流体不混溶作用	Resolution(美国)
本文	斑岩型铜钼(金)矿床;Cu/Au(摩尔比)=12 263~39 740	H₂O-CO₂-NaCl体系、中高盐度	流体混合、不混溶作用	铜山、多宝山(多宝山矿田)

Table 8 Comparison of metallogenic depth between the Duobaoshan ore field and typical porphyry deposits at home and abroad

矿床与成矿深度分类	构造环境	岩浆岩	矿体及矿石特征	热液蚀变
浅成(0.5~2 km)	岛弧、陆缘弧和陆-陆碰撞造山环境	角砾岩、英安斑岩、英云闪长斑岩、黑云母二长花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩、石英闪长斑岩	矿体呈透镜体、板柱状;组构为细脉浸染状、网脉状、角砾状,还发育单向固结结构(UST)、梳状构造	高级泥化、绢云母化、硅化、钾化
中成(≥2~6 km)	陆缘弧和陆-陆碰撞造山环境以及板内环境	角砾岩、石英斑岩、石英闪长斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩、花岗二长斑岩、煌斑岩	矿体呈透镜状、脉状;矿石组构为细脉浸染状、块状、网脉状	钾化、青磐岩化、泥化、黄铁绢云母化、黑云母化、电气石化、夕卡岩化
深成(≥6 km)	陆源弧环境	石英二长斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩、花岗二长斑岩	矿体呈柱状、脉状;矿石组构为块状、细脉浸染状、网脉状	钾化、黄铁绢云母化、青磐岩化、云英岩化、黄玉-石英云英岩化
本文	岛弧环境	花岗闪长岩、英云闪长岩、花岗闪长斑岩	矿体为透镜状、扁豆状、条带状、不规则状;矿石组构为细脉状、浸细脉浸染状	硅化、钾化、黑云母化、绢英岩化、青磐岩化、伊利石-水白云母化、碳酸盐化、黏土化
矿床与成矿深度分类	典型特征	成矿体系特征	成矿机制	矿床实例
浅成(0.5~2 km)	斑岩金-斑岩铜金-斑岩铜矿床;Cu/Au(摩尔比)<40 000	H₂O-NaCl、低密度富气和含多个NaCl子晶包裹体(盐度较高,可达80%)	流体混合、沸腾作用	Refugio(智利)、Batu Hijau(印度尼西亚)、Lepanto(菲律宾)
中成(≥2~6 km)	斑岩铜-斑岩铜钼-斑岩钼矿床;Cu/Au(摩尔比)=10 000~40 000	H₂O-NaCl和H₂O-NaCl-CO₂ 体系、高密度富气和含单个NaCl子晶包裹体、盐度相对较高(35%~80%)	流体混合、不混溶作用	Salvador(智利)、Teniente(智利)、Yerington(美国)、Bingham(美国)、Hall(美国)、玉龙(中国)、德兴(中国)
深成(≥6 km)	斑岩铜钼-斑岩钼-斑岩钨锡矿;Cu/Au(摩尔比)>100 000	富CO₂、盐度低(<40%)	流体不混溶作用	Resolution(美国)
本文	斑岩型铜钼(金)矿床;Cu/Au(摩尔比)=12 263~39 740	H₂O-CO₂-NaCl体系、中高盐度	流体混合、不混溶作用	铜山、多宝山(多宝山矿田)

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of mineralization depth and denudation degree in the Duobaoshan ore field (A) and schematic diagram showing the degree of denudation in major porphyry copper deposits and the corresponding alteration and mineralization positions at the denudation surface (B). Modified after [63].

Fig.8 Schematic map showing that reverse faults restricting the preservation of ore bodies in porphyry-epithermal deposits worldwide (Global topographic map is from www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global.). Data sources: Tongshan (this study); Oyu Tolgoi, from [56]; Tsagaan Suvarga, from [67]; Duobuzha, from [72]; Teglonan, from [72]; Cukaru Peki, from [68]; Resolution and Ray, from [65,71]; Camaguey, from [69]; Chuquicamata, from [70].

Table 9 Geochemical characteristics of major and trace elements of ore-forming porphyry in the Duobaoshan ore field

Fig.9 Geochemical diagrams of Paleozoic porphyry in the Duobaoshan ore field. Data from [4,18,22,45,74-75].

Fig.10 Petrogenesis and tectonic discrimination diagrams of Paleozoic porphyry in the Duobaoshan ore field. Data from [4,18,22,45,74-75].

Table 10 Statistical table of the zircon trace element geochemical characteristics of ore-forming porphyry in Paleozoic porphyry copper-molybdenum-gold deposits in the CAOB

Fig.11 Sketch map of metal resources and sample numbers of Paleozoic porphyry copper-molybdenum-gold deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (A); The relationship between $\lg f_{\mathrm{O}_{2}}$ and T(℃) (B); The relationship between metallogenic scale and ΔFMQ value (C); Ce4+/Ce2+-Eu/Eu* plot (D). Data from [4,56-57,87-88].

Fig.12 Porphyry-epithermal metallogenic model (A) and Paleozoic metallogenic dynamic model diagram (B) of the Duobaoshan ore field. Modified after [2].

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