Short chain chlorinated paraffins in soil: Environmental safety criteria based on ecological risks

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.9.11

Abstract

Abstract:

Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which are widely used in the industrial production of cables, artificial leather, etc. SCCPs are biotoxins and can enter the soil environment through various pathways, threatening the ecological and environmental safety of soil. As a newly identified pollutant under UNECE, a SCCOs safety benchmark under the freshwater environment has been made, however, relevant research and benchmark under the soil environment are still lacking. To address this gap, this study analyzes published data on SCCP toxicity in soil and aquatic organisms to derive the predicted no effect concentration in soil (PNEC_soil) using the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) or partition coefficient (PE) methods. Briefly, soil toxicity data using SSD method yielded a PNEC_soil value of 71.46 mg/kg, and aquatic toxicity data using PE method yielded a PNEC_soil value of 10.1 mg/kg. By comparing with related studies, the PNEC_soil value obtained by PE method was selected as the ecological safety benchmark value for SCCPs in soil. The benchmark value obtained from this study is somewhat different from those of other countries due to the differences in research conditions such as species selection and research methods. The environmental risk of SCCPs in soil was also evaluated by risk quotient method, which showed that the current HQ values of SCCPs in soil ranged between 7.23×10^-5 to 0.5017 for different soil types in the main regions of China, which is considered low risk. The results of this study provide a reference for the development of environmental quality standards and risk assessment of soil SCCPs.

Key words: short-chain chlorinated paraffins, soil environmental criteria, species sensitivity distribution, ecological risk assessment

CLC Number:

HAO Mengqiuyue, LIU Daqing, YAN Zhenfei, FENG Chenglian. Short chain chlorinated paraffins in soil: Environmental safety criteria based on ecological risks[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(2): 54-63.

Figures/Tables 7

References 50

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物种	终点	浓度/(mg·kg^-1)	筛选毒性值/(mg·kg^-1)	参考文献
白符䖴虫 Folsomia candida	28 d NOEC(生存)	1 250	660	[1]
	28 d LOEC(生存)	2 500		[1]
	28 d LC₅₀(生存)	5 700		[1]
	28 d NOEC(繁殖)	625		[1]
	28 d LOEC(繁殖)	1 250		[1]
	28 d EC₅₀(繁殖)	1 230		[1]
	28 d EC₁₀(繁殖)	660		[1]
赤子爱胜蚓 Eisenia fetida	28 d NOEC(生存)	10 000	1 158	[1]
	28 d NOEC(繁殖)	1 000		[1]
	28 d LOEC(繁殖)	3 200		[1]
	28 d EC₅₀(繁殖)	2 849		[1]
	28 d EC₁₀(繁殖)	1 158		[1]
白虫 Enchytraeus albidus	28 d NOEC(生存)	10 000	4 242.64	[1]
	28 d NOEC(繁殖)	3 000		[1]
	28 d LOEC(繁殖)	6 000		[1]
	28 d EC₅₀(繁殖)	6 027		[1]
土壤寡毛虫 Enchytraeus crypticus	42 d NOEC(生存)	6 000	7 745.97	[1]
	42 d LOEC(生存)	10 000		[1]
	28 d NOEC(繁殖)	6 000		[1]
	28 d LOEC(繁殖)	10 000		[1]
	28 d EC₅₀(繁殖)	6 027		[1]
	NOEC/LOEC(生存)	>1 000		[1]
138秀丽隐杆线虫 Caenorhabditis elegans	28 d NOEC(生存)	1 000	1 732.05	[1]
	28 d LOEC(生存)	3 000		[1]
	28 d LC₅₀(生存)	8 836		[1]
硝化细菌 Nitrifying bacteria	EC₁₀(群落)	570	570	[1]
红车轴草 Trifolium pratense	NOEC/LOEC(种子生长)	>1 000	1 000	[5]

物种	终点	浓度/(mg·kg^-1)	筛选毒性值/(mg·kg^-1)	参考文献
白符䖴虫 Folsomia candida	28 d NOEC(生存)	1 250	660	[1]
	28 d LOEC(生存)	2 500		[1]
	28 d LC₅₀(生存)	5 700		[1]
	28 d NOEC(繁殖)	625		[1]
	28 d LOEC(繁殖)	1 250		[1]
	28 d EC₅₀(繁殖)	1 230		[1]
	28 d EC₁₀(繁殖)	660		[1]
赤子爱胜蚓 Eisenia fetida	28 d NOEC(生存)	10 000	1 158	[1]
	28 d NOEC(繁殖)	1 000		[1]
	28 d LOEC(繁殖)	3 200		[1]
	28 d EC₅₀(繁殖)	2 849		[1]
	28 d EC₁₀(繁殖)	1 158		[1]
白虫 Enchytraeus albidus	28 d NOEC(生存)	10 000	4 242.64	[1]
	28 d NOEC(繁殖)	3 000		[1]
	28 d LOEC(繁殖)	6 000		[1]
	28 d EC₅₀(繁殖)	6 027		[1]
土壤寡毛虫 Enchytraeus crypticus	42 d NOEC(生存)	6 000	7 745.97	[1]
	42 d LOEC(生存)	10 000		[1]
	28 d NOEC(繁殖)	6 000		[1]
	28 d LOEC(繁殖)	10 000		[1]
	28 d EC₅₀(繁殖)	6 027		[1]
	NOEC/LOEC(生存)	>1 000		[1]
138秀丽隐杆线虫 Caenorhabditis elegans	28 d NOEC(生存)	1 000	1 732.05	[1]
	28 d LOEC(生存)	3 000		[1]
	28 d LC₅₀(生存)	8 836		[1]
硝化细菌 Nitrifying bacteria	EC₁₀(群落)	570	570	[1]
红车轴草 Trifolium pratense	NOEC/LOEC(种子生长)	>1 000	1 000	[5]

物种	终点	暴露时间/d	效应浓度/ (μg·L^-1)	参考文献
大型溞 Daphnia magna	NOEC	21	5.6	[36]
糠虾 Mysidopsis bahia	NOEC	28	7.3	[36]
中肋骨条藻 Skeletonema costatum	NOEC	4	12.1	[36]
虹鳟 Oncorhynchus mykiss	NOEC	15~20	40	[36]
青鳉 Oryzias latipes	NOEC	20	57	[36]
摇蚊 Chironomus tentans	NOEC	49	61	[36]
对杂色鳉 Cyprinodon variegatus	NOEC	32	279.7	[36]
羊角月牙藻 Selenastrum capricornutum	NOEC	10	390	[36]

物种	终点	暴露时间/d	效应浓度/ (μg·L^-1)	参考文献
大型溞 Daphnia magna	NOEC	21	5.6	[36]
糠虾 Mysidopsis bahia	NOEC	28	7.3	[36]
中肋骨条藻 Skeletonema costatum	NOEC	4	12.1	[36]
虹鳟 Oncorhynchus mykiss	NOEC	15~20	40	[36]
青鳉 Oryzias latipes	NOEC	20	57	[36]
摇蚊 Chironomus tentans	NOEC	49	61	[36]
对杂色鳉 Cyprinodon variegatus	NOEC	32	279.7	[36]
羊角月牙藻 Selenastrum capricornutum	NOEC	10	390	[36]

物种	效应和终点	效应浓度/ (mg·kg^-1)	参考文献
Duck鸭	急性口服LD50	>10 280	[34]
Pheasant野鸡	急性口服LD50	>24 606	[34]
Duck鸭	亚急性LC50	>24 063	[34]
Pheasant野鸡	亚急性LC50	>24 063	[34]
Mallard野鸭	慢性NOEC	166	[34]
大鼠	无效应水平	180	[5]
大鼠	无效应水平	600	[5]
小鼠	无效应水平	180	[5]
小鼠	无效应水平	120	[5]
大鼠	最低效应水平	10	[5]
大鼠	最低效应水平	100	[5]
大鼠	肝脏毒性(肝脏重量增加)	100	[5]
小鼠	肝脏毒性(免疫细胞渗透)	10	[5]
大鼠	内分泌干扰(甲状腺)	10	[5]
小鼠	免疫毒性	10	[5]