Discriminating characteristics of hydrothermal fluids using epidote mineral chemistry and strontium isotopes: A case study of the Duotoushan Fe-Cu deposit, eastern Tianshan

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.10.4

Abstract

Abstract:

Epidote, a common Ca-Al-bearing silicate mineral in many types of hydrothermal deposits, usually has high concentrations of trace elements, thus its mineral chemistry as well as Sr isotopic characteristics can reveal the physico-chemical conditions and sources of the ore-forming fluid. In this contribution we present a study on the epidote-group minerals precipitated during Fe mineralization at the Duotoushan deposit. With high Al-coordination numbers (1.95-2.24), and enriched in Fe³⁺ but depleted in Fe²⁺ and rare earth elements (REE), the studied mineral grains are identified as the epidote end member. The mineral grains are further characterized by MREE enrichment and LREE depletion with moderate negative Eu anomalies, suggesting the complexation of hard acids at neutral to basic pH may have caused the REE fractionation. Correlation analysis indicates REEs are mainly incorporated into the Duotoushan epidote through isomorphous substitution. At Duotoushan, the epidote-group minerals coexist with quartz, titanite and magnetite, exhibit negative Ce anomalies (0.64-0.91), and have high U/Th ratios, indicating they are formed under relatively high oxygen fugacity. Since the in-situ (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios (0.70462-0.70495) lie between the Bailingshan granitic complex and hosted rocks or Carboniferous seawater, we propose that the initial fluids are magmatic in origin and external basinal fluid may have added into the hydrothermal system during water-rock interaction. Furthermore, our study indicates that epidote is a robust indicator for tracing fluid evolution in magmatic hydrothermal deposits.

Key words: epidote, mineral chemistry, Sr isotope, fluid evolution, eastern Tianshan

CLC Number:

ZHANG Weifeng, CHEN Huayong, DENG Xin, JIN Xinbiao, LIU Shuzhan, TAN Juanjuan. Discriminating characteristics of hydrothermal fluids using epidote mineral chemistry and strontium isotopes: A case study of the Duotoushan Fe-Cu deposit, eastern Tianshan[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(2): 384-400.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 Crystal structure of epidote-group minerals. Modified after [37].

Fig.2 Geologic sketch map of eastern Tianshan. Modified after [31].

Fig.3 Geologic map of the Duotoushan Fe-Cu deposit. Modified after [57].

Fig.4 Representative field photo and photomicrographs of the Duotoushan epidote

Table 1 Representative electron microprobe data for Duotoushan epidote samples

Fig.5 LA-ICP-MS spectra of the Duotoushan epidote for a selection of elements

Fig.6 Box and whisker plots for trace elements in epidote grains from the Duotoushan deposit

Table 2 Representative trace element data for I )uotoushan epidote samples

Fig.7 Classification diagram for epidote-group minerals. Modified after [36].

Fig.8 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the Duotoushan epidote. Insert: plot of REE partition coefficient between epidote-group minerals and fluids.

Table 3 In situ Sr isotopic data for Duotoushan epidote samples

样品	点位	⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr	1 SE	⁸⁵Rb/⁸⁶Sr	w_B/10^-6		年龄/Ma	⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr	(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr )_i
样品	点位	⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr	1 SE	⁸⁵Rb/⁸⁶Sr	Rb	Sr	年龄/Ma	⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr	(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr )_i
DT-018-01	1	0.704 95	0.000 04	0.004 70	0.102	843	307	0.001 81	0.704 95
DT-018-01	2	0.704 77	0.000 04	0.000 92	0.000	1 380	307	0.000 35	0.704 77
DT-018-01	3	0.704 82	0.000 05	0.002 72	0.000	1 504	307	0.001 05	0.704 81
DT-018-01	4	0.704 69	0.000 05	0.001 05	0.020	978	307	0.000 40	0.704 69
DT-018-01	5	0.704 63	0.000 04	0.000 60	0.215	1 313	307	0.000 23	0.704 63
DT-018-02	6	0.704 62	0.000 04	0.000 79	0.000	1 130	307	0.000 31	0.704 62
DT-018-02	7	0.704 76	0.000 04	0.000 53	0.000	1 171	307	0.000 20	0.704 76
DT-018-02	8	0.704 72	0.000 04	0.000 81	0.030	1 298	307	0.000 31	0.704 71
DT-018-02	9	0.704 64	0.000 05	0.002 53	0.235	1 094	307	0.000 98	0.704 64
DT-018-02	10	0.704 63	0.000 03	0.000 13	0.000	1 591	307	0.000 05	0.704 63

Fig.9 Characteristics of (87Sr/86Sr)i values of the Duotoushan epidote

Fig.10 Relationship diagrams for the Duotoushan epidote. (a) Ca2++(Al, Fe)3+ vs. (Fe, Mg, Mn)2++REE3+. (b) Th vs. U.

Fig.11 T-lg f(O2) diagrams for quartz, titanite and magnetite mineral assemblages

Fig.12 Simulated Sr isotopic values for the Duotoushan epidote base on (a) water-rock interaction model and (b) magmatic fluid-seawater mixing calculation

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