Numerical taxonomy of Miocene Trapa L. fossil fruits from eastern Zhejiang, China

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.4.24

Abstract

Abstract:

Abundant Trapa L. fruit fossils are found in the late Miocene Shengxian Formation in Tiantai, eastern Zhejiang. The fossils are well preserved with rich three-dimensional characteristics. However, the identification and taxonomy of Trapa L. have been controversial because of its large taxonomic variations yet subtle differences in the fossil's three-dimensional features. Since the characteristics of Trapa L. fossils are distinct and easy to measure and record, we used numerical statistics methods to classify Trapa L. fossils. The main methods include cluster and principal component analyses. The purpose of this research is to identify the Trapa fossil fruits and find the guiding characters for their identification and classification. First, we performed numerical analysis on living Trapa fruits and obtained good taxonomical result. Next, we analyzed Trapa fossil fruits. We believe the analyses can classify Trapa fossils and at the same time eliminate redundant characteristics used for identification. Finally, we obtained some discrimination characteristics, including fruit body shape, with or without head, valgus head, fruit top shape, upper or lower horn growth direction, length of lower horns, and number of degenerate tuberculate lower horns. Based on these characteristics, the fossil fruits can be effectively divided into two taxa.

Key words: Miocene Shengxian Formation, Trapa L., fossil fruits, cluster analysis, principal component analysis

CLC Number:

XIAO Liang, WANG Xing, LI Xuemei, LI Xiangchuan, JIA Hui, SUN Nan, LIANG Jiaqi, WANG Qin, LI Jiangxiao, YONG Yuanyuan. Numerical taxonomy of Miocene Trapa L. fossil fruits from eastern Zhejiang, China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(4): 110-123.

Figures/Tables 16

References 35

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编号	样品	编号	样品	编号	样品
a	T.octotuberculata	1	T.silesiaca	16	Jhu3-16-001
b	T.mammillifera	2	T.pellendorfensi	17	Jhu3-14-103
c	T.macropota	3	T.ninghaica	18	Jhu3-14-073
d	T.manshurica	4	T.chengsenii	19	Jhu3-14-058(3)
e	T.quadrispinosa	5	Jhuw-16-001	20	Jhu3-14-058(2)
f	T.pseudoincisa	6	Jhuw-14-049	21	Jhu3-14-058(1)
g	T.maximowiezii	7	Jhuw-14-037	22	Jhu3-14-052
h	T.incisa	8	Jhu3-373	23	Jhu3-14-043
i	T.natans	9	Jhu3-294	24	Jhu3-14-044
j	T.litwinowii	10	Jhu3-230	25	Jhu3-14-037
k	T.japonica	11	Jhu3-16-089	26	Jhu3-14-034
l	T.arcuata	12	Jhu3-16-088	27	Jhu3-102
m	T.bispinosa	13	Jhu3-16-057	28	Jhu3-095
n	T.bicornis	14	Jhu3-16-003	29	Jhu3-092
o	T.acornis	15	Jhu3-16-002	30	Jhu1-075

编号	样品	编号	样品	编号	样品
a	T.octotuberculata	1	T.silesiaca	16	Jhu3-16-001
b	T.mammillifera	2	T.pellendorfensi	17	Jhu3-14-103
c	T.macropota	3	T.ninghaica	18	Jhu3-14-073
d	T.manshurica	4	T.chengsenii	19	Jhu3-14-058(3)
e	T.quadrispinosa	5	Jhuw-16-001	20	Jhu3-14-058(2)
f	T.pseudoincisa	6	Jhuw-14-049	21	Jhu3-14-058(1)
g	T.maximowiezii	7	Jhuw-14-037	22	Jhu3-14-052
h	T.incisa	8	Jhu3-373	23	Jhu3-14-043
i	T.natans	9	Jhu3-294	24	Jhu3-14-044
j	T.litwinowii	10	Jhu3-230	25	Jhu3-14-037
k	T.japonica	11	Jhu3-16-089	26	Jhu3-14-034
l	T.arcuata	12	Jhu3-16-088	27	Jhu3-102
m	T.bispinosa	13	Jhu3-16-057	28	Jhu3-095
n	T.bicornis	14	Jhu3-16-003	29	Jhu3-092
o	T.acornis	15	Jhu3-16-002	30	Jhu1-075

编码	性状	赋值
1	果体形状	1倒三角形,2菱形,3弓形, 4弯牛角形,5扁槠形
2	果体高度	-
3	果体宽度	-
4	是否有果冠	0否,1是
5	果冠是否外翻	0否,1是
6	果颈高度	-
7	顶部形态	1圆形,2尖头帽形,3圆锥形,4方形
8	是否有肩角	0否,1是
9	肩角生长方向	1向上,2平直伸展,3向下
10	肩角长度	-
11	是否有腰角	0否,1是
12	腰角数目	-
13	腰角生长方向	1向上,2平直伸展,3向下
14	腰角长度	-
15	瘤状退化腰角数目	-
16	瘤状退化腰角长度	-
17	肩角有无角刺	0否,1是
18	肩角基宽	-

编码	性状	赋值
1	果体形状	1倒三角形,2菱形,3弓形, 4弯牛角形,5扁槠形
2	果体高度	-
3	果体宽度	-
4	是否有果冠	0否,1是
5	果冠是否外翻	0否,1是
6	果颈高度	-
7	顶部形态	1圆形,2尖头帽形,3圆锥形,4方形
8	是否有肩角	0否,1是
9	肩角生长方向	1向上,2平直伸展,3向下
10	肩角长度	-
11	是否有腰角	0否,1是
12	腰角数目	-
13	腰角生长方向	1向上,2平直伸展,3向下
14	腰角长度	-
15	瘤状退化腰角数目	-
16	瘤状退化腰角长度	-
17	肩角有无角刺	0否,1是
18	肩角基宽	-

PC	Variance	Eigenvalue/%	PC	Variance	Eigenvalue/%
1	4.595 71	48.43	8	0.114 114	1.202 5
2	2.015 58	21.24	9	0.062 386 4	0.657 43
3	1.254 59	13.221	10	0.036 955 8	0.389 44
4	0.676 858	7.132 7	11	0.032 157	0.338 87
5	0.318 747	3.358 9	12	0.011 547 5	0.121 69
6	0.217 111	2.287 9	13	0.006 664 44	0.070 23
7	0.146 416	1.542 9	14	0.000 642 617	0.006 771 9