The principle, process, and measurement of karst carbon sink

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.2.6

Abstract

Abstract:

The carbon cycle in karst ecosystems consists of two parts: biological carbon cycle (driven by plant photosynthesis) and karst carbon cycle (driven by carbonate dissolution and weathering). There is a synergistic effect between karst carbon cycle and terrestrial biological carbon cycle, which significantly impacts terrestrial freshwater ecosystems. Karst carbon sinks primarily occur in the surface karst zone, where plant roots, soil, and rocks intermingle. Their migration and transformation processes take place in both groundwater and surface water systems. There are at least three uncertainties in the measurement of karst carbon sinks within a watershed: changes in the proportion of carbon derived from carbonate rocks versus that from the atmosphere/soil across the entire karst watershed, differentiation of carbon sinks produced by the weathering and dissolution of carbonate versus silicate rocks in certain karst watersheds, and distinctions between endogenous organic carbon produced by aquatic plant photosynthesis and exogenous organic carbon from terrestrial ecosystems. It is recommended to use the watershed as a unit, define watershed boundaries, identify geological structures, analyze land cover configurations, reveal the main controlling factors of the karst carbon cycle and carbon sink effects, establish inversion and forward models, and address gaps in the service functions of karst carbon sinks.

Key words: karst carbon sink, karst carbon cycle, carbon migration-carbon conversion, carbon sink measurement, model construction

CLC Number:

CAO Jianhua, YANG Hui, HUANG Fen, ZHANG Chunlai, ZHANG Liankai, ZHU Tongbin, ZHOU Mengxia, YUAN Daoxian. The principle, process, and measurement of karst carbon sink[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(5): 358-376.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig.1 Spatial correspondence between global inland water alkalinity, water-air interface CO2 flux, and carbonate rock distribution. Adapted from [7-8].

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the karst carbon cycle process

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of the epikarst zone structure. Adapted from [17].

Fig.4 Response of karst carbon sink indicators to precipitation events in the Maocun karst carbon cycle test site, Guilin. Adapted from [23].

Fig.5 Dynamic changes in CO2 partial pressure in cave air and drip water in Panlong Cave, Guilin. Adapted from [36].

Table 1 Dynamics of water chemistry and water-air interface CO2 evasion of karst water after emerging from the Zhaidi underground river in Guilin. Adapted from [38].

样点	T/℃	pH	Ec/(μS·cm^-1)	$HCO 3 -$ 物质的量浓度/ (mmol·L^-1)	水体中CO₂物质的量浓度/ (mmol·L^-1)	CO₂逸出通量/ (mg·m^-2·h^-1)
A	18.6	7.31	440	3.9	0.130 5	6 719.80
B	18.6	7.326	439	3.9	0.094 5	4 309.16
C	18.5	7.009	439	3.9	0.094 5	5 690.15
D	18.6	6.985	439	4.0	0.094 5	4 361.60
E	18.5	6.97	439	3.9	0.094 5	3 474.61
F	18.3	6.915	437	3.9	0.094 5	2 935.89

Table 1 Dynamics of water chemistry and water-air interface CO2 evasion of karst water after emerging from the Zhaidi underground river in Guilin. Adapted from [38].

样点	T/℃	pH	Ec/(μS·cm^-1)	$HCO 3 -$ 物质的量浓度/ (mmol·L^-1)	水体中CO₂物质的量浓度/ (mmol·L^-1)	CO₂逸出通量/ (mg·m^-2·h^-1)
A	18.6	7.31	440	3.9	0.130 5	6 719.80
B	18.6	7.326	439	3.9	0.094 5	4 309.16
C	18.5	7.009	439	3.9	0.094 5	5 690.15
D	18.6	6.985	439	4.0	0.094 5	4 361.60
E	18.5	6.97	439	3.9	0.094 5	3 474.61
F	18.3	6.915	437	3.9	0.094 5	2 935.89

Table 2 Comparison of CO2 release fluxes at the water-air interface between exogenous water and karst water in the Lijiang River basin

监测点及类型	CO₂释放通量/(mg·m^-2·h^-1)
	岩溶水				外源水
	C1	C2	C3	C4	G1	G2	G3	G4
雨季	146.78	170.42	218.91	179.61	15.40	11.99	21.31	16.82
旱季	50.19	136.13	23.04	26.69	14.46	13.89	34.01	9.00

Fig.6 Changes in water chemistry from the underground river outlet to 1.35 km downstream

Table 3 Comparison of specific solubility of different types of carbonate rocks. Adapted from [49].

岩石类型	样品件数	CaO/MgO			酸不溶物含量/%			比溶解度
岩石类型	样品件数	最大值	最小值	平均值	最大值	最小值	平均值	最大值	最小值	平均值
石灰岩	36	311.65	81.04	120.86	8.69	0.19	2.60	1.17	0.75	0.96
含硅质灰岩	3	123.13	77.70	107.12	18.82	13.07	13.07	0.93	0.82	0.86
硅质灰岩	2	98.11	81.04	89.57	36.20	35.81	35.81	0.80	0.24	0.52
含白云质灰岩	7	39.98	11.24	23.39	6.65	0.67	3.83	1.09	0.74	0.96
含灰质白云岩	4	1.75	1.60	1.67	8.33	2.39	4.77	0.72	0.51	0.68
灰质白云岩	2	3.86	2.75	3.31	3.83	0.62	2.24	0.92	0.44	0.61
白云岩	27	1.50	1.02	1.42	8.07	0.36	2.75	0.89	0.26	0.50

Fig.7 Relationship between karst carbon sink rate, discharge, and HCO 3 - concentration

Fig.8 The thinner the diffusion boundary layer, the faster the calcite dissolution rate. Adapted from [60].

Fig.9 Distribution of monitoring points and dynamic characteristics of total HCO 3 - in the Maocun underground river basin

Fig.10 Dynamic comparison of soil respiration carbon emissions between limestone soils in the Maocun karst area and red soils in clastic rock areas. Adapted from [66].

Fig.11 Synergistic relationship between karst carbon cycle and biological carbon cycle in karst ecosystems

Fig.12 Correlation between DIC and δ13CDIC in the Lijiang River basin during wet and dry seasons

Fig.13 Comparison of HCO 3 - concentration and its carbon stable isotope values in the water bodies of the Lijiang River basin during rainy and dry seasons

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