The disappearance of banded iron formations: Research progress and perspectives on the origin of rhythmic Fe-rich/Si-rich laminae

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.11.8

Abstract

Abstract:

Banded iron formations (BIFs) are chemical sediments consisting of rhythmic Fe-rich and Si-rich laminae that are millimeters to centimeters thick. BIFs not only are an important iron resource, but also record the Earth's early evolution, early microbial activity, and atmosphere-ocean redox status. First appeared prior to 3.8 Ga, BIFs were common in the Archean and Paleoproterozoic, but they started to disappear about 1.8-0.8 Ga and were absent throughout the rest of Earth's history except for a brief appearance in the Cyogenian during global glaciation. The traditional model suggests that the abundance of BIFs is mainly controlled by dissolved Fe(II) contents in the ocean, and weakened tectonic/magmatic/hydrothermal activities, ocean oxidation, or oceanic euxinia about 1.8-0.8 Ga were responsible for the depletion of Fe (II) in the mid-Proterozoic ocean to drive to BIFs to disappear. However, geochemical evidence revealed that mid-Proterozoic ocean was predominantly ferruginous (Fe²⁺ rich) with large amounts of non-BIF ironstone deposits, challenging the traditional model. Here, we argue that the disappearance of BIFs in the mid-Proterozoic might result from changes in rhythmic deposition of Fe-rich/Si-rich laminae. We review the geological characteristics of BIFs and discuss different deposition models in detail. Additionally, we comprehensively review recent researches on the origin of rhythmic Fe-rich/Si-rich laminae in BIFs focused on Fe (II) source, Fe(II) oxidation, and Fe(III) preservation in sediments. Based on this, we attempt to identify possible directions for solving the mystery of BIFs’ disappearance by considering the coupling between iron and silicon biogeochemical cycles, so as to develop new insights into the evolution of the early Earth.

Key words: banded iron formation, Fe cycle, Si cycle, rhythmic laminae, Precambrian

CLC Number:

WANG Ruimin, SHEN Bing. The disappearance of banded iron formations: Research progress and perspectives on the origin of rhythmic Fe-rich/Si-rich laminae[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(1): 111-126.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1 BIF abundances and in correlation with influencing factors through geological history. The grey shadow represents the disappearance of BIF. (a) Distribution of marine iron-rich deposits (modified from [3]). (b) Evolution of the atmospheric pO2 level (modified from [23]). (c) Distribution of mantle superplumes (modified from [3]). (d) Ocean redox structure through time (modified from [23]). (e) The evolutionary history of major clades of life.

Table 1 Non-BIF ironstones in the Mesoproterozoic

地区	国家	组名	时代	含铁矿物类型	含铁量
华北燕辽地区	中国	下马岭组	约1.4 Ga	层状菱铁矿、铁白云石结核等	520 Gt?
华北燕辽地区	中国	串岭沟组	约1.6 Ga	鲕状、肾状、块状、叠层石状铁岩	未知
祁连山地区	中国	镜铁山组	约1.3 Ga	层状镜铁矿	未知
黛眉山地区	中国	云梦山组	约1.7 Ga	赤铁矿	未知
神农架地区	中国	矿石山组	约1.3 Ga	菱铁矿	未知
神农架地区	中国	送子园组	约1.1 Ga	磁铁矿	未知
柴达木地区	中国	红藻山组	1.6~0.7 Ga?	赤铁矿	未知
Northern Territory	澳大利亚	Roper组	约1.5 Ga	薄层鲕状铁岩	未知
Queensland	澳大利亚	South Nicholson群	约1.5 Ga	富铁层	未知
Eastern Botswana	博茨瓦纳	Shoshong组	约1.6 Ga	层状铁岩	1 Gt

Fig.2 Field photos of typical Precambrian BIFs and mid-Proterozoic iron formations in China. (a) BIFs (~2.5 Ga), Sijiaying Section. (b-c) BIFs (~0.7 Ga), basal Fulu Formation. (d) Siderite (~1.4 Ga), Xiamaling Formation. (e) Oolite ironstones (~1.6 Ga), Chuanlinggou Formation. (f) Specularite (~1.3 Ga), Jingtieshan Formation. (g) Ironstone (~1.1 Ga), Songziyuan Formation. (h) Ironstone (~1.3 Ga), Kuangshishan Formation. (i) Ironstone, top of the Hongzaoshan Formation.

Fig.3 Isotopic characteristics of Precambrian BIFs and BIF formation model. (a) Distribution of Si isotopic compositions in Precambrian cherts and BIFs (data from from [43] and references therein). (b) Formation of BIFs through co-precipitation of silica and Fe(OOH)-silica gels during iron cycling.

Fig.4 Hypotheses on the origin of rhythmic Fe-rich/Si-rich laminae in BIFs, focusing on hydrothermal origin of Fe(II). Emphases are place on (a) periodical seafloor hydrothermal eruption ( modified from [85]), (b) mixing of hydrothermal fluids and seawater during single eruption (modified from [84]), or (c) self organization resulted by co-enrichment of Fe/Si in hydrothermal fluids.

Table 2 Evaluation of different hypotheses on the origin of rhythmic Fe-rich/Si-rich laminae in BIFs

铁的差异性	假说	评估
铁的差异性	假说	铁-硅来源	时间尺度	沉积环境	地史分布
铁的供给差异	热液周期性喷发	A	B	C	B
	单次热液喷发	A	A	C	B
	自组织反应(pH控制)	A	A	C	A
铁的氧化差异	周期性上升流活动	A	A	A	C
	海水温度变化	B	A	A	C
	微生物光合作用变化	B	A	A	C
	海平面变化	B	B	A	C
铁的保存差异	表层生产力/输入有机物变化	B	A	A	B

Fig.5 Hypotheses on the origin of rhythmic Fe-rich/Si-rich laminae in BIFs, focusing on the mechanisms of Fe(II) oxidation. Emphases are placed on (a) periodic upwelling of hydrothermal fluids (modified from [83]), (b) temperature variation in the euphotic zone, (c) effect of nutrient input on photosynthesis, or (d) sea level change.

Fig.6 Hypothesis on the origin of rhythmic Fe-rich/Si-rich laminae in BIFs focusing on microbial dissimilatory iron reduction (modified from [97])

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