Genesis of the Baikal Rift and the Fenwei Graben and the remote effects of the Indo-Eurasian collision

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.1.30

Abstract

Abstract:

The Baikal Rift and the Fenwei Graben are two famous rift systems located in the eastern Eurasian plate, with similar topographic features and geomorphic characteristics. Their tectonic evolution histories are also similar. Many studies have shown that their formation is closely related to the Indo-Eurasian collision, however, the mechanism for this long-range effect is not clear. In this paper, basing on the evolution of extensional tectonics caused by mantle upwelling in the continental margin during the continental drift and continental margin splitting, combined with the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Eurasia, we studied the evolution of microcontinental fragments and extensional tectonics under the long-range effect. The results show that the origin of the two rift systems is closely related to the Cenozoic large-scale fragmentation and drift of microcontinents in the eastern margin of the Eurasian. Briefly, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplift results in large-scale mantle upwelling and continental breakup in the Cenozoic, where the breakup and drift of the proto-Japan/proto-Kamchatka blocks form a differential sinistral strike-slip environment, and lead to the formation of the two rift systems in two seismic zones on the southeast side of the Siberian and Ordos Basins. These two seismic zones, which have similar genetic mechanisms to the Türkiye earthquake in February 2023, are formed by strike slip faults, and their genetic mechanisms can be reasonably explained by the new continent drift model.

Key words: Baikal Rift, Fenwei Graben, Indo-Eurasian collision, dynamic mechanism, remote effect

CLC Number:

P541

LIANG Guanghe. Genesis of the Baikal Rift and the Fenwei Graben and the remote effects of the Indo-Eurasian collision[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(3): 282-293.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig.1 Location of the Baikal and Fenwei Rifts on the eastern margin of Eurasia

Fig.2 Genetic model for the southeast Eurasian plate based on geological interpretation of extrusion tectonics. Modified after [6].

Fig.3 Models describing the dynamic mechanism of continental drift (a) and breakup of a continental margin (b). Modified after [26].

Fig.4 Continental drift patterns across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

Fig.5 Characteristics of wakes in the eastern hemisphere resulted from the continental drift

Fig.6 A detailed illustration of the breakup and drift of continental block in the eastern margin of Eurasia. The dashed arrows indicate drift path; dashed circles, original position; solid circles, current position. Arrow numbering follows the order of drift: 1—Kamchatka; 2—Sakhalin and Hokkaido; 3—Siholt; 4—Mishima, Japan; 5—Hainan Island; 6—Korean Peninsula.

Fig.7 Restoration of tectonic evolution history for the Yellow Sea Basin based on geological interpretation of seismic exploration profile. (a) Seismic profile location map; (b) geological interpretation of seismic section (modified after [30-31]); (c-e) restoration sections.

Fig.8 Tectonic evolution models for the Korean and Jiaodong Peninsulas

Fig.9 Tectonic stresses and main rift systems in the Cenozoic in eastern Eurasia. Basemap from [33].

Fig.10 Results of rift basin genetic simulation experiment under transtensional pull-apart environment. Modified after [35].

Fig.11 Structural frameworks along three profile lines in the southeastern margin of Eurasian. Modified after [29,36⇓⇓-39].

Fig.12 Lake Baikal profile and genetic model for the rift system. Modified after [39].

Fig.13 Earthquake genesis in the Baikal Rift. Modified after [28].

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