Focal mechanism solutions for global tsunami earthquakes and future tsunami threat to China

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.13

Abstract

Abstract:

Tsunamis are one of the five major marine natural disasters that can seriously threaten human life and property. In recent years international researchers have conducted a large number of studies on earthquake-induced tsunamis. These studies mainly focused on numerical simulation of tsunami generation, propagation, climb and inundation, as well as on paleo-tsunami sediments, but lacked attention to the focal mechanism of tsunami earthquakes, especially of those below magnitude 6.5. As revealed by the most recent studies in China on earthquake-induced tsunamis, tsunami hazards caused by earthquakes of magnitude less than 6.5 cannot be ignored. In this paper, 766 global earthquake-generated tsunamis are summarized; focal mechanism solutions for tsunami earthquakes are classified using triangulation techniques; and focal mechanism solutions for 341 tsunami earthquakes (since 1976) are analyzed in detail, with 633 wave heights analyzed by statistical methods. As results show, all types of earthquakes—strike-slip, normal and thrust earthquakes as well as unusual earthquakes—can cause tsunamis; whilst most tsunamis are caused by thrust fault earthquakes, and tsunami earthquakes below magnitude 6.5 can produce tsunami wave height up to 10 m to cause major damages. Mechanistically, thrust and normal earthquakes as well as unusual earthquakes can directly cause vertical changes in submarine topography to generate tsunamis; whereas strike-slip earthquakes can cause tsunamis for one of two reasons: they are not pure strike-slip type but have normal/thrust component, or they trigger submarine landslide to cause changes in seabed topography in generating tsunamis. According to focal depth analysis, more than 97% of tsunami earthquakes are shallow earthquakes less than 30 km deep, but intermediate and deep earthquakes can also cause tsunamis. Based on seismic source characteristics, geographical location of China mainland, as well as historical occurrences of tsunamis, we propose that earthquake-induced tsunamis that may threaten China's coastal areas in the future are concentrated in the Manila trench and Taiwan strait. These areas should be monitored closely and early warning systems should be established to reduce disaster damage.

Key words: tsunami earthquake, focal mechanism solution, tsunami wave height, tsunami origin

CLC Number:

JIA Zhongjia, ZHU Junjiang, OU Xiaolin, ZHANG Shengsheng, HUANG Chang, CHEN Ruixue, ZHANG Shaoyu, LI Sanzhong, JIA Yonggang, LIU Yongjiang. Focal mechanism solutions for global tsunami earthquakes and future tsunami threat to China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(5): 203-215.

Figures/Tables 12

References 52

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序号	发震时间	震源位置		震级	震源深度/km	节面1			节面2			T轴		P轴		B轴
序号	发震时间	纬度/(°)	经度/(°)	震级	震源深度/km	走向/(°)	倾角/(°)	倾向/(°)	走向/(°)	倾角/(°)	倾向/(°)	倾角/(°)	方位角/(°)	倾角/(°)	方位角/(°)	倾角/(°)	方位角/(°)
1	1978-03-22	43.55	149.41	6.4	23.9	46	67	95	213	24	78	68	326	21	132	5	224
2	1979-02-20	39.77	144.12	6.3	14.8	29	76	96	187	15	69	59	307	30	115	6	208
3	1980-06-29	34.45	138.93	6.4	15	80	87	176	171	86	3	5	36	1	126	85	228
4	1982-12-28	33.80	139.60	6.1	22.5	22	88	-2	112	88	-178	0	67	3	337	87	164
5	1983-06-09	40.16	139.10	5.9	19.7	19	40	106	178	52	77	78	37	6	277	10	186
6	1984-02-11	38.11	21.86	5.6	15	77	28	-121	291	66	-74	19	10	65	229	14	105
7	1984-06-13	31.39	139.93	5.5	15.2	55	43	92	232	47	88	87	108	2	324	2	234
8	1985-03-16	17.10	-62.34	6.3	14	42	90	-176	312	86	0	3	177	3	267	86	43
9	1987-03-24	37.39	137.77	5.6	20.7	194	50	104	353	42	74	79	166	4	274	11	5
10	1988-06-24	18.78	121.04	5.6	50.3	16	31	85	202	59	93	76	120	14	290	2	20
11	1989-10-29	39.38	143.50	6.4	29.8	32	74	99	182	19	61	60	316	28	115	9	210
12	1990-02-20	34.62	139.05	6.4	32.2	263	80	169	355	79	10	15	219	1	309	75	41
13	1990-12-13	37.25	14.90	5.6	15	7	85	26	274	64	174	22	233	14	137	64	17
14	1990-12-13	23.89	121.84	6.3	17.5	17	68	84	212	23	104	67	277	23	111	5	19
15	1991-02-16	48.31	154.33	6.1	37.7	29	58	93	204	32	86	77	308	13	117	2	208
16	1993-02-07	37.74	137.21	6.3	15	29	46	89	211	44	91	89	242	1	120	1	30
17	1993-08-07	42.00	139.79	6.3	26.9	183	52	94	357	39	85	83	115	6	270	3	0
18	1994-04-08	40.62	143.94	6.4	15	24	80	95	176	11	62	54	301	35	110	5	203
19	1994-06-05	-10.27	113.60	6.0	15	96	24	-111	299	68	-81	22	22	66	225	8	115
20	1996-09-04	31.48	140.06	5.7	24.4	41	35	95	215	55	86	79	111	10	307	3	217
21	1997-09-30	31.83	142.06	6.1	15	172	23	84	358	67	93	68	273	22	86	2	177
22	1998-05-30	39.11	143.60	6.1	15	17	77	88	204	13	98	58	284	32	108	2	17
23	2000-07-01	34.15	139.24	6.1	15	181	85	-2	271	88	-175	2	46	5	136	85	299
24	2000-07-15	34.29	139.31	6.0	20.3	18	83	7	287	83	173	10	242	0	333	80	65
25	2001-10-12	52.64	-132.18	6.0	15	125	65	88	309	26	94	70	31	20	216	2	126
26	2003-05-27	36.94	3.79	5.7	15	70	31	92	248	59	89	76	156	14	339	1	249
27	2003-12-27	-22.13	169.27	6.1	15	136	34	-80	304	57	-97	12	39	77	193	6	308
28	2004-02-11	31.62	35.31	5.3	26.1	80	79	-139	340	50	-15	19	204	37	308	47	93
29	2004-11-21	15.85	-61.65	6.3	12	127	48	-102	325	44	-77	2	226	81	328	9	135
30	2007-08-02	46.84	141.82	6.2	12	3	42	89	184	48	91	87	104	3	274	1	4
31	2009-07-01	34.00	25.50	6.4	12	94	60	79	295	32	108	73	336	14	192	10	99
32	2009-08-10	34.77	138.46	6.4	27.6	65	70	54	309	40	148	51	293	17	180	33	78
33	2012-04-14	-19.01	168.66	6.3	12	86	52	-73	240	41	-111	6	164	75	51	13	256
34	2014-07-25	58.46	-137.05	6.1	12	53	79	24	318	66	168	25	278	9	183	63	75
35	2015-02-19	-16.41	168.23	6.4	12	24	56	96	193	35	81	78	317	11	110	5	201
36	2016-08-20	40.33	143.91	6.0	12	21	74	94	186	16	76	61	296	29	107	4	199
37	2017-05-01	60.03	-136.60	6.2	14.9	160	60	128	283	47	44	57	123	7	224	32	319
38	2017-06-12	38.81	26.32	6.4	12	110	47	-87	286	43	-93	2	198	87	72	2	288
39	2017-11-19	-21.52	168.62	6.3	12	150	50	-86	324	40	-95	5	237	84	90	3	327
40	2019-06-14	-30.12	-72.16	6.3	12	1	21	88	183	69	91	66	94	24	273	1	3
41	2019-06-18	38.64	139.41	6.4	14.3	26	24	86	210	66	92	69	124	21	299	2	29
42	2020-01-07	18.02	-66.79	6.4	12	44	58	-116	267	41	-54	9	152	66	264	22	58

序号	发震时间	震源位置		震级	震源深度/km	节面1			节面2			T轴		P轴		B轴
序号	发震时间	纬度/(°)	经度/(°)	震级	震源深度/km	走向/(°)	倾角/(°)	倾向/(°)	走向/(°)	倾角/(°)	倾向/(°)	倾角/(°)	方位角/(°)	倾角/(°)	方位角/(°)	倾角/(°)	方位角/(°)
1	1978-03-22	43.55	149.41	6.4	23.9	46	67	95	213	24	78	68	326	21	132	5	224
2	1979-02-20	39.77	144.12	6.3	14.8	29	76	96	187	15	69	59	307	30	115	6	208
3	1980-06-29	34.45	138.93	6.4	15	80	87	176	171	86	3	5	36	1	126	85	228
4	1982-12-28	33.80	139.60	6.1	22.5	22	88	-2	112	88	-178	0	67	3	337	87	164
5	1983-06-09	40.16	139.10	5.9	19.7	19	40	106	178	52	77	78	37	6	277	10	186
6	1984-02-11	38.11	21.86	5.6	15	77	28	-121	291	66	-74	19	10	65	229	14	105
7	1984-06-13	31.39	139.93	5.5	15.2	55	43	92	232	47	88	87	108	2	324	2	234
8	1985-03-16	17.10	-62.34	6.3	14	42	90	-176	312	86	0	3	177	3	267	86	43
9	1987-03-24	37.39	137.77	5.6	20.7	194	50	104	353	42	74	79	166	4	274	11	5
10	1988-06-24	18.78	121.04	5.6	50.3	16	31	85	202	59	93	76	120	14	290	2	20
11	1989-10-29	39.38	143.50	6.4	29.8	32	74	99	182	19	61	60	316	28	115	9	210
12	1990-02-20	34.62	139.05	6.4	32.2	263	80	169	355	79	10	15	219	1	309	75	41
13	1990-12-13	37.25	14.90	5.6	15	7	85	26	274	64	174	22	233	14	137	64	17
14	1990-12-13	23.89	121.84	6.3	17.5	17	68	84	212	23	104	67	277	23	111	5	19
15	1991-02-16	48.31	154.33	6.1	37.7	29	58	93	204	32	86	77	308	13	117	2	208
16	1993-02-07	37.74	137.21	6.3	15	29	46	89	211	44	91	89	242	1	120	1	30
17	1993-08-07	42.00	139.79	6.3	26.9	183	52	94	357	39	85	83	115	6	270	3	0
18	1994-04-08	40.62	143.94	6.4	15	24	80	95	176	11	62	54	301	35	110	5	203
19	1994-06-05	-10.27	113.60	6.0	15	96	24	-111	299	68	-81	22	22	66	225	8	115
20	1996-09-04	31.48	140.06	5.7	24.4	41	35	95	215	55	86	79	111	10	307	3	217
21	1997-09-30	31.83	142.06	6.1	15	172	23	84	358	67	93	68	273	22	86	2	177
22	1998-05-30	39.11	143.60	6.1	15	17	77	88	204	13	98	58	284	32	108	2	17
23	2000-07-01	34.15	139.24	6.1	15	181	85	-2	271	88	-175	2	46	5	136	85	299
24	2000-07-15	34.29	139.31	6.0	20.3	18	83	7	287	83	173	10	242	0	333	80	65
25	2001-10-12	52.64	-132.18	6.0	15	125	65	88	309	26	94	70	31	20	216	2	126
26	2003-05-27	36.94	3.79	5.7	15	70	31	92	248	59	89	76	156	14	339	1	249
27	2003-12-27	-22.13	169.27	6.1	15	136	34	-80	304	57	-97	12	39	77	193	6	308
28	2004-02-11	31.62	35.31	5.3	26.1	80	79	-139	340	50	-15	19	204	37	308	47	93
29	2004-11-21	15.85	-61.65	6.3	12	127	48	-102	325	44	-77	2	226	81	328	9	135
30	2007-08-02	46.84	141.82	6.2	12	3	42	89	184	48	91	87	104	3	274	1	4
31	2009-07-01	34.00	25.50	6.4	12	94	60	79	295	32	108	73	336	14	192	10	99
32	2009-08-10	34.77	138.46	6.4	27.6	65	70	54	309	40	148	51	293	17	180	33	78
33	2012-04-14	-19.01	168.66	6.3	12	86	52	-73	240	41	-111	6	164	75	51	13	256
34	2014-07-25	58.46	-137.05	6.1	12	53	79	24	318	66	168	25	278	9	183	63	75
35	2015-02-19	-16.41	168.23	6.4	12	24	56	96	193	35	81	78	317	11	110	5	201
36	2016-08-20	40.33	143.91	6.0	12	21	74	94	186	16	76	61	296	29	107	4	199
37	2017-05-01	60.03	-136.60	6.2	14.9	160	60	128	283	47	44	57	123	7	224	32	319
38	2017-06-12	38.81	26.32	6.4	12	110	47	-87	286	43	-93	2	198	87	72	2	288
39	2017-11-19	-21.52	168.62	6.3	12	150	50	-86	324	40	-95	5	237	84	90	3	327
40	2019-06-14	-30.12	-72.16	6.3	12	1	21	88	183	69	91	66	94	24	273	1	3
41	2019-06-18	38.64	139.41	6.4	14.3	26	24	86	210	66	92	69	124	21	299	2	29
42	2020-01-07	18.02	-66.79	6.4	12	44	58	-116	267	41	-54	9	152	66	264	22	58

序号	发震时间	震源位置		震级	震源深度/km	节面1			节面2			T轴		P轴		B轴
序号	发震时间	纬度/(°)	经度/(°)	震级	震源深度/km	走向/(°)	倾角/(°)	倾向/(°)	走向/(°)	倾角/(°)	倾向/(°)	倾角/(°)	方位角/(°)	倾角/(°)	方位角/(°)	倾角/(°)	方位角/(°)
1	1976-08-16	7.07	123.75	8.0	33	158	55	89	341	35	92	80	62	10	249	1	159
2	1977-08-19	-11.14	118.23	8.3	23.3	61	67	-98	260	24	-73	21	157	67	317	7	64
3	1979-12-12	2.32	-78.81	8.1	19.7	30	16	118	181	76	83	58	81	31	278	7	183
4	1983-05-26	40.44	138.87	7.7	12.6	16	27	86	200	63	92	72	114	18	289	2	19
5	1992-05-17	7.33	127.18	7.2	24.5	20	67	100	176	25	67	66	308	22	103	9	196
6	1992-09-02	11.2	-87.81	7.6	15	122	78	90	303	12	91	57	32	33	212	0	122
7	1992-12-12	-8.34	122.49	7.7	20.4	80	40	95	253	50	86	84	130	5	346	3	256
8	1993-07-12	42.71	139.28	7.7	16.5	0	35	91	179	55	90	80	88	10	270	0	180
9	1994-06-02	-11.03	113.04	7.8	15	99	83	90	278	7	89	52	9	38	189	0	279
10	1994-10-04	43.6	147.63	8.3	68.2	50	74	128	158	41	24	46	359	20	112	37	218
11	1994-11-14	13.44	121.32	7.1	15	249	88	-20	339	70	-178	13	296	15	202	70	64
12	1995-10-09	19.34	-104.8	8.0	15	120	81	90	302	9	92	54	30	36	211	0	120
13	1995-11-22	29.07	34.73	7.2	18.4	196	59	-15	294	77	-149	12	62	31	159	56	314
14	1996-02-17	-0.67	136.62	8.2	15	103	11	69	305	80	94	55	220	35	31	4	124
15	1996-02-21	-9.95	-80.23	7.5	15	157	76	91	335	14	88	59	68	31	246	0	337
16	1997-12-05	54.31	161.91	7.8	33.6	39	68	97	202	23	74	66	321	23	124	6	217
17	1999-11-26	-16.08	168.31	7.4	15	20	62	103	174	30	67	70	317	17	100	11	194
18	2000-05-04	-1.29	123.59	7.5	18.6	225	64	172	319	83	26	23	185	13	89	63	332
19	2001-06-23	-17.28	-72.71	8.4	29.6	159	74	98	310	18	63	60	80	29	242	8	336
20	2002-09-08	-3.27	143.38	7.6	19.5	106	34	43	339	68	116	59	286	19	49	24	148
21	2003-09-25	42.21	143.84	8.3	28.2	28	82	83	250	11	132	53	289	36	124	7	29
22	2004-12-26	3.09	94.26	9.0	28.6	129	83	87	329	8	110	52	36	38	222	3	130
23	2005-03-28	1.67	97.07	8.6	25.8	125	83	86	333	8	118	52	30	38	218	4	125
24	2006-07-17	-10.28	107.78	7.7	20	98	80	88	290	10	102	55	6	35	190	2	98
25	2006-11-15	46.71	154.33	8.3	13.5	33	75	89	215	15	92	60	302	30	123	1	33
26	2007-04-01	-7.79	156.34	8.1	14.1	117	59	69	333	37	121	69	342	11	222	18	128
27	2007-08-15	-13.73	-77.04	8.0	33.8	171	65	104	321	28	63	67	107	19	251	13	345
28	2007-09-12	-3.78	100.99	8.5	24.4	123	82	86	328	9	114	53	29	37	216	3	123
29	2009-05-28	16.5	-87.17	7.3	12	63	60	-7	156	84	-150	16	286	25	24	59	166
30	2009-09-29	-15.13	-171.97	8.1	12	119	38	-131	346	62	-63	13	57	62	301	24	153
31	2010-01-03	-8.88	157.21	7.1	12	129	69	86	321	21	102	65	31	24	222	4	130
32	2010-02-27	-35.98	-73.15	8.8	23.2	19	18	116	172	74	82	61	70	28	269	8	174
33	2010-10-25	-3.71	99.32	7.8	12	130	82	89	316	8	96	53	39	37	220	1	130
34	2010-12-25	-19.67	168.04	7.3	16.6	1	48	-61	141	49	-118	1	251	69	342	21	160
35	2011-03-11	37.52	143.05	9.1	20	25	80	90	203	10	88	55	295	35	115	0	205
36	2012-08-27	12.02	-89.17	7.3	12	117	76	93	284	15	77	59	31	31	204	3	296
37	2012-10-28	52.61	-132.06	7.8	12	122	66	83	318	25	104	69	19	20	217	6	125
38	2013-02-06	-11.18	165.21	7.9	20.2	142	70	90	320	20	89	65	52	25	231	0	322
39	2014-04-01	-19.7	-70.81	8.1	21.6	159	76	86	355	15	106	59	63	30	252	4	160
40	2015-02-19	-16.41	168.23	6.4	12	24	56	96	193	35	81	78	317	11	110	5	201
41	2015-09-16	-31.13	-72.09	8.3	17.4	7	19	109	166	72	83	63	66	27	261	6	168
42	2016-11-13	-42.03	173.85	7.8	18.8	226	33	141	350	70	63	56	225	21	100	25	360

序号	发震时间	震源位置		震级	震源深度/km	节面1			节面2			T轴		P轴		B轴
序号	发震时间	纬度/(°)	经度/(°)	震级	震源深度/km	走向/(°)	倾角/(°)	倾向/(°)	走向/(°)	倾角/(°)	倾向/(°)	倾角/(°)	方位角/(°)	倾角/(°)	方位角/(°)	倾角/(°)	方位角/(°)
1	1976-08-16	7.07	123.75	8.0	33	158	55	89	341	35	92	80	62	10	249	1	159
2	1977-08-19	-11.14	118.23	8.3	23.3	61	67	-98	260	24	-73	21	157	67	317	7	64
3	1979-12-12	2.32	-78.81	8.1	19.7	30	16	118	181	76	83	58	81	31	278	7	183
4	1983-05-26	40.44	138.87	7.7	12.6	16	27	86	200	63	92	72	114	18	289	2	19
5	1992-05-17	7.33	127.18	7.2	24.5	20	67	100	176	25	67	66	308	22	103	9	196
6	1992-09-02	11.2	-87.81	7.6	15	122	78	90	303	12	91	57	32	33	212	0	122
7	1992-12-12	-8.34	122.49	7.7	20.4	80	40	95	253	50	86	84	130	5	346	3	256
8	1993-07-12	42.71	139.28	7.7	16.5	0	35	91	179	55	90	80	88	10	270	0	180
9	1994-06-02	-11.03	113.04	7.8	15	99	83	90	278	7	89	52	9	38	189	0	279
10	1994-10-04	43.6	147.63	8.3	68.2	50	74	128	158	41	24	46	359	20	112	37	218
11	1994-11-14	13.44	121.32	7.1	15	249	88	-20	339	70	-178	13	296	15	202	70	64
12	1995-10-09	19.34	-104.8	8.0	15	120	81	90	302	9	92	54	30	36	211	0	120
13	1995-11-22	29.07	34.73	7.2	18.4	196	59	-15	294	77	-149	12	62	31	159	56	314
14	1996-02-17	-0.67	136.62	8.2	15	103	11	69	305	80	94	55	220	35	31	4	124
15	1996-02-21	-9.95	-80.23	7.5	15	157	76	91	335	14	88	59	68	31	246	0	337
16	1997-12-05	54.31	161.91	7.8	33.6	39	68	97	202	23	74	66	321	23	124	6	217
17	1999-11-26	-16.08	168.31	7.4	15	20	62	103	174	30	67	70	317	17	100	11	194
18	2000-05-04	-1.29	123.59	7.5	18.6	225	64	172	319	83	26	23	185	13	89	63	332
19	2001-06-23	-17.28	-72.71	8.4	29.6	159	74	98	310	18	63	60	80	29	242	8	336
20	2002-09-08	-3.27	143.38	7.6	19.5	106	34	43	339	68	116	59	286	19	49	24	148
21	2003-09-25	42.21	143.84	8.3	28.2	28	82	83	250	11	132	53	289	36	124	7	29
22	2004-12-26	3.09	94.26	9.0	28.6	129	83	87	329	8	110	52	36	38	222	3	130
23	2005-03-28	1.67	97.07	8.6	25.8	125	83	86	333	8	118	52	30	38	218	4	125
24	2006-07-17	-10.28	107.78	7.7	20	98	80	88	290	10	102	55	6	35	190	2	98
25	2006-11-15	46.71	154.33	8.3	13.5	33	75	89	215	15	92	60	302	30	123	1	33
26	2007-04-01	-7.79	156.34	8.1	14.1	117	59	69	333	37	121	69	342	11	222	18	128
27	2007-08-15	-13.73	-77.04	8.0	33.8	171	65	104	321	28	63	67	107	19	251	13	345
28	2007-09-12	-3.78	100.99	8.5	24.4	123	82	86	328	9	114	53	29	37	216	3	123
29	2009-05-28	16.5	-87.17	7.3	12	63	60	-7	156	84	-150	16	286	25	24	59	166
30	2009-09-29	-15.13	-171.97	8.1	12	119	38	-131	346	62	-63	13	57	62	301	24	153
31	2010-01-03	-8.88	157.21	7.1	12	129	69	86	321	21	102	65	31	24	222	4	130
32	2010-02-27	-35.98	-73.15	8.8	23.2	19	18	116	172	74	82	61	70	28	269	8	174
33	2010-10-25	-3.71	99.32	7.8	12	130	82	89	316	8	96	53	39	37	220	1	130
34	2010-12-25	-19.67	168.04	7.3	16.6	1	48	-61	141	49	-118	1	251	69	342	21	160
35	2011-03-11	37.52	143.05	9.1	20	25	80	90	203	10	88	55	295	35	115	0	205
36	2012-08-27	12.02	-89.17	7.3	12	117	76	93	284	15	77	59	31	31	204	3	296
37	2012-10-28	52.61	-132.06	7.8	12	122	66	83	318	25	104	69	19	20	217	6	125
38	2013-02-06	-11.18	165.21	7.9	20.2	142	70	90	320	20	89	65	52	25	231	0	322
39	2014-04-01	-19.7	-70.81	8.1	21.6	159	76	86	355	15	106	59	63	30	252	4	160
40	2015-02-19	-16.41	168.23	6.4	12	24	56	96	193	35	81	78	317	11	110	5	201
41	2015-09-16	-31.13	-72.09	8.3	17.4	7	19	109	166	72	83	63	66	27	261	6	168
42	2016-11-13	-42.03	173.85	7.8	18.8	226	33	141	350	70	63	56	225	21	100	25	360

事件	各类事件占比/%
事件	逆冲型	正断型	走滑型	奇异型
震级大于5.0的海啸地震	63.34	17.60	15.84	3.23
震级小于6.5的海啸地震	59.52	19.05	19.05	2.38
浪高大于4 m的地震海啸	83.33	7.41	9.52	0.00