Pollution assessment and source apportionment of shallow groundwater in Suzhou mining area, China

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.2.8

Abstract

Abstract:

Long-term coal mining in the Suzhou mining area not only led to the formation of shallow groundwater drop funnel but also caused groundwater pollution to varying degrees. In this study, in order to find out the current situation and main causes of pollution, 13 pollution indicators such as $NO 3 -$ were analyzed for 21 groundwater samples obtained from the water and soil pollution survey in the study area. Based on the quality evaluation by the improved Nemero pollution index method, factor analysis and IDW interpolation method were used to analyze the pollution source and its groundwater spatial distribution characteristics. The results show: (1) The shallow groundwater water in the whole study area was heavily polluted to mainly Class IV water and the main pollution indicators were $NO 3 -$ , Mn, Fe and F^-. (2) Polluted shallow groundwater were mainly from 4 pollution sources. The first one is the origin’s geological environment (F1), with the high-value areas distributed in the Taoyuan coal mines and surrounding areas. The second one is mining wastewater formed by mine-pit drainage and leaching of Gangue Hill (F2), which caused serious pollution in the Taoyuan and Qianyingzi coal mines as well as some pollutions in other mining areas. The third pollution source is rural sewage (F3) caused by domestic waste and human and animal excreta, which mainly contaminated the areas of Zhuxianzhuang and Luling coal mines. The fourth pollution source is agricultural pollution (F4) caused by fertilizer application, with the high-value areas concentrated in the Zhuxianzhuang coal mine and surrounding areas. The main factors affecting the shallow groundwater quality in the study area were the primary geological environment of shallow groundwater and mining wastewater. About 51.04% of pollution were from a mix of the two sources, about 11.84% from coal mining wastewater alone, and the rest mainly from rural living and production sewage and agricultural non-point source. (3) The major polluted areas were Taoyuan and Qianyingzi coal mines while the pollution in Qinan and Qidong coal mines was relatively light, and the water quality in the Zhuxianzhuang and Luling coal mines was better. (4) It is suggested to comprehensively control the main sources of groundwater pollution by strengthening supervision and control of mine drainage outlet discharge up to the standard. Also coal mining enterprises can improve the overall utilization of gangue by means of making building materials, etc. Furthermore, construction of infrastructures such as sewage and landfill treatment facilities in mining areas should be strengthened.

Key words: Suzhou mining area, shallow groundwater, factor analysis, pollution source apportionment, pollution evaluation

CLC Number:

X523

ZHAO Weidong, ZHAO Lu, GONG Jianshi, ZHOU Wenyi, QIAN Jiazhong. Pollution assessment and source apportionment of shallow groundwater in Suzhou mining area, China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(5): 1-14.

Figures/Tables 13

Fig.1 Distribution of sampling sites in the study area

Table 1 Statistics of main indicators of shallow groundwater

参数	各参数的相关指标值				各参数的变异系数
参数	最大值	最小值	平均值	标准差	各参数的变异系数
pH	9	7.13	7.96	0.46	0.06
组分质量浓度
TDS	1 750	272	750.95	421.67	0.56
TH	459	171	318.48	80.09	0.25
F^-	2.59	0.36	1.37	0.53	0.38
N $O 3 -$	19.80	0	2.88	4.21	1.46
N $H 4 +$	0.97	0.04	0.36	0.25	0.71
Na⁺	430	39.8	159.10	108.56	0.68
Ca²⁺	115	33.4	62.42	23.39	0.37
Cl^-	287	35.5	120.56	82.22	0.68
S $O 4 2 -$	620	15.1	189.05	184.61	0.98
Mn	0.21	0.000 1	0.03	0.05	1.63
COD	8.24	7.22	7.94	0.26	0.03
Fe	0.32	0.001	0.08	0.10	1.19

Table 1 Statistics of main indicators of shallow groundwater

参数	各参数的相关指标值				各参数的变异系数
参数	最大值	最小值	平均值	标准差	各参数的变异系数
pH	9	7.13	7.96	0.46	0.06
组分质量浓度
TDS	1 750	272	750.95	421.67	0.56
TH	459	171	318.48	80.09	0.25
F^-	2.59	0.36	1.37	0.53	0.38
N $O 3 -$	19.80	0	2.88	4.21	1.46
N $H 4 +$	0.97	0.04	0.36	0.25	0.71
Na⁺	430	39.8	159.10	108.56	0.68
Ca²⁺	115	33.4	62.42	23.39	0.37
Cl^-	287	35.5	120.56	82.22	0.68
S $O 4 2 -$	620	15.1	189.05	184.61	0.98
Mn	0.21	0.000 1	0.03	0.05	1.63
COD	8.24	7.22	7.94	0.26	0.03
Fe	0.32	0.001	0.08	0.10	1.19

Table 2 Weight of each evaluation indicator

评价指标	权重值W_i	评价指标	权重值W_i
TDS	0.000 1	F^-	0.056 4
Na⁺	0.000 3	Fe	0.208 0
$SO 4 2 -$	0.000 2	Mn	0.563 9
Cl^-	0.000 2	COD	0.018 8
TH	0.000 1	$NO 3 -$	0.112 8
Ca²⁺	0.000 4	$NH 4 +$	0.038 8

Table 2 Weight of each evaluation indicator

评价指标	权重值W_i	评价指标	权重值W_i
TDS	0.000 1	F^-	0.056 4
Na⁺	0.000 3	Fe	0.208 0
$SO 4 2 -$	0.000 2	Mn	0.563 9
Cl^-	0.000 2	COD	0.018 8
TH	0.000 1	$NO 3 -$	0.112 8
Ca²⁺	0.000 4	$NH 4 +$	0.038 8

Table 3 Classification of improved Nemero pollution indexevaluation standards. Adapted from [21].

污染指数	各等级污染指数的范围
污染指数	优良(Ⅰ)	良好(Ⅱ)	较好(Ⅲ)	较差(Ⅳ)	极差(Ⅴ)
N	N<0.59	0.59≤N<0.75	0.75≤N<1	1≤N<3.96	N≥3.96

Table 4 Assessment results of groundwater pollution

采样点	综合污染指数	污染等级	采样点	综合污染指数	污染等级
S101	0.99	Ⅲ	S112	1.15	Ⅳ
S102	1.04	Ⅳ	S113	1.23	Ⅳ
S103	1.06	Ⅳ	S114	1.50	Ⅳ
S104	0.96	Ⅲ	S115	1.10	Ⅳ
S105	1.63	Ⅳ	S116	1.33	Ⅳ
S106	1.87	Ⅳ	S117	1.06	Ⅳ
S107	1.05	Ⅳ	S118	1.08	Ⅳ
S108	1.09	Ⅳ	S119	1.41	Ⅳ
S109	1.05	Ⅳ	S120	0.97	Ⅲ
S110	1.41	Ⅳ	S121	1.04	Ⅳ
S111	1.02	Ⅳ

Table 5 Total variance of interpretation of groundwater pollution factor

公因子	初始特征值					提取平方和载入					旋转平方和载入
公因子	合计	方差/%		累积/%		合计	方差/%		累积/%		合计	方差/%		累积/%
F1	6.125		51.040		51.040	6.125		51.040		51.040	5.916		49.303		49.303
F2	1.421		11.841		62.880	1.421		11.841		62.880	1.521		12.673		61.976
F3	1.215		10.127		73.008	1.215		10.127		73.008	1.181		9.841		71.817
F4	1.018		8.480		81.488	1.018		8.480		81.488	1.161		9.671		81.488
F5	0.750		6.252		87.740
F6	0.595		4.957		92.696
F7	0.448		3.733		96.429
F8	0.278		2.314		98.744
F9	0.120		1.001		99.745
F10	0.017		0.144		99.889
F11	0.013		0.105		99.994

Table 6 Loading matrix of rotated factor

评价指标	各公因子载荷
评价指标	F1	F2	F3	F4
TDS	0.972	0.163	0.022	-0.012
Na⁺	0.946	0.149	0.048	-0.033
S $O 4 2 -$	0.946	0.195	-0.030	-0.045
Cl^-	0.933	0.297	0.019	-0.010
TH	0.893	0.139	-0.083	0.052
Ca²⁺	0.857	-0.010	0.044	0.098
F^-	-0.598	-0.277	0.479	0.048
Fe	0.195	0.831	-0.018	0.110
Mn	0.267	0.665	0.357	-0.151
COD	-0.215	0.257	0.808	-0.014
N $O 3 -$	0.217	-0.073	0.077	0.890
N $H 4 +$	0.465	-0.212	0.215	-0.562

Table 6 Loading matrix of rotated factor

评价指标	各公因子载荷
评价指标	F1	F2	F3	F4
TDS	0.972	0.163	0.022	-0.012
Na⁺	0.946	0.149	0.048	-0.033
S $O 4 2 -$	0.946	0.195	-0.030	-0.045
Cl^-	0.933	0.297	0.019	-0.010
TH	0.893	0.139	-0.083	0.052
Ca²⁺	0.857	-0.010	0.044	0.098
F^-	-0.598	-0.277	0.479	0.048
Fe	0.195	0.831	-0.018	0.110
Mn	0.267	0.665	0.357	-0.151
COD	-0.215	0.257	0.808	-0.014
N $O 3 -$	0.217	-0.073	0.077	0.890
N $H 4 +$	0.465	-0.212	0.215	-0.562

Table 7 Correlation coefficient matrix

指标	各指标间相关系数
指标	TDS	TH	Mn	Fe
TDS	1.000
TH	0.865	1.000
Mn	-0.205	-0.020	1.000
Fe	0.202	0.199	0.411	1.000

Fig.2 IDW interpolation distribution map of common factor F1

Fig.3 IDW interpolation distribution map of common factor F2

Fig.4 IDW interpolation distribution map of common factor F3

Fig.5 IDW interpolation distribution map of common factor F4

Fig.6 IDW interpolation distribution map of comprehensive factor

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