On the ore-forming depth and possible maximum vertical extension of the major type ore deposits

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.1.30

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on a large number of field investigations and comparative studies of typical mineral deposits, and in considerations of the existing problems and practical needs of deep ore prospecting and evaluation, we first review in this paper the depth of ore deposits for the main deposit types, from the ultra-deep magmatic deposits controlled by large-scale magmatic accumulation in the middle-to-lower crust, to the deep, middle and shallow magmatic-hydrothermal deposits controlled by fluid permeability in the middle and upper crust. On this basis, we attempt to explore the maximum vertical extension of the major type ore deposits, and discuss the constrained depth of mineralization, degree of denudation, and possible vertical extension at depth for the copper-nickel (-chromite-PGE) deposits represented by the Bushveld and Voisey’s Bay, the porphyry copper deposits represented by Qulong, the orogenic gold deposits represented by Muruntau, and the Jiaodong gold province. The depth and vertical extension of hypogene mineralization associated with magmatic ore deposit can vary greatly; for example, the depth of mineralization in a layered igneous complex can extend to 20 km, with vertical extension ranging from 6 to 8 km. The maximum depth of magmatic-hydrothermal deposits is at the bottom of the lower crust where fluid penetration occurs. Oroganic gold deposits have the greatest depth, about 12-15 km, followed by pegmatite and granite deposits; porphyry deposits are in the middle, about 2-6 km; and the epithermal Au-Ag deposits have the shallowest depth of less than 1 km to the surface. The corresponding vertical extension of these deposits ranges in 4-7 km, 2-3 km, and 1 km, respectively. The controlling factors and some indicators are reviewed, such as high permeability of ore accumulating structural space, peak of mineralization, and suitable preservation conditions. Future research on the depth of mineralization may focus on such issues including how to determine a reasonable and uniform estimation method for the depth (pressure) of hypogene mineralization, as well as the theoretical basis, judgement markers and comprehensive identification method for determining the maximum depth and vertical extension of deposits.

Key words: deep prospecting, depth of deposits, maximum vertical extension, magmatic ore deposit related to layered complex and small intrusions, mesothermal gold deposit, porphyry Cu deposit, denudation and preservation

CLC Number:

QIN Kezhang, ZHAO Junxing, FAN Hongrui, TANG Dongmei, LI Guangming, YU Kelong, CAO Mingjian, SU Benxun. On the ore-forming depth and possible maximum vertical extension of the major type ore deposits[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(3): 271-294.

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 Formation depth and structural environments of some hydrothermal deposits. Modified after [11].

Fig.2 Schematic representation of fluid flow in the deep crust. Adapted after [13].

Fig.3 Plots of formation depth vs. Cu/Au ratio for porphyry copper deposits. Adapted after [27].

Fig.4 Ore-forming depth of major porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits in China

Fig.5 Schematic diagram showing the degree of denudation in major porphyry copper deposits and the corresponding alteration and mineralization positions at the denudation surface

Fig.6 Schematic plots of vertical extension at depth (approximately parallel to the predicted frequency distributions of deposits) for the various metal deposits below the present denudation surface. Modified after [30].

Table 1 List of some typical layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the world

岩体	国家	年龄/ Ma	面积/ km²	厚度/ km	矿化类型
Bushveld Complex	南非	2 060	65 000	7~9	PGE,Cr,V, Fe,Ti,P
Sept Iles	加拿大	564	5 000	6	Fe,Ti,P
Duluth	美国	1 100	5 000	1~5	PGE,Cu,Ni, Fe,Ti,P,V
Muskox	加拿大	1 267	4 400	1.8	PGE,Cu,Ni,Cr
Windimurra	澳大利亚	2 800	2 300	13	PGE,V
Bjerkreim-Sokndal	挪威	930	230	7.5	Fe,Ti,P,V
Skaergaard	格陵兰	55	90	3.5	PGE,Au
Rhum	英国	60	50	1	PGE,Cr
攀枝花	中国	263	30	2~3	Fe,Ti,V
Fedorivka	乌克兰	1 760	3	0.3	Fe,Ti,P,V

Fig.7 Geological maps of the Bushveld layered complex in South Africa. Modified after [31].

Fig.8 Geological section of the Voisey’s Bay copper-nickel deposit in Canada. Adapted from [72].

Fig.9 Simplified geological map of the Muruntau gold deposit. Modified after [82,83,84].

Fig.10 Near S-N (Left: AB line) and E-W (Right: DE line) trending geological section of the Muruntau gold deposit. Modified after [82-84].

Fig.11 Prospecting line profile (Line No.96) of the Sanshandao gold deposit in Jiaodong Peninsular, China. Adapted after [89].

Fig.12 Vertical variations of homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions during the early (blue), middle (red) and late stages of mineralization in the Sanshandao gold deposit in Jiaodong Peninsular. Adapted after [89].

Fig.13 Estimation of formation depth of ore-forming intrusions and comparison of distribution characteristics of orebodies in typical porphyry deposits in the world. Qulong data adapted from [95,96]; other data adapted or drawing modified from [97].

Fig.14 Profile map of exploration line No.5 of the Qulong porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit in Tibet

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