Assimilation-fractional crystallization (AFC) of pegmatitic magma and its implications for uranium mineralization: A case study of the Husab uranium deposit, Namibia

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.10.31

Abstract

Abstract:

The Husab uranium deposit in the southern Central Zone of the Damara Orogenic Belt, Namibia, is a typical pegmatite-hosted ore deposit with uraninite as the main industrial uranium mineral. The mechanisms of uranium enrichment and precipitation in different ores are not clear. In order to reveal the relationship between pegmatitic magma evolution and uranium mineralization, we carried out whole-rock and mineral geochemical studies on pegmatite ores with different mineral compositions. Field and microscopic investigations showed the mineralized pegmatites can be divided into ‘simple’ and ‘complex’ types. The ‘simple’ pegmatite has normal granitic pegmatite texture, with a uniform distribution of uraninites among rock-forming minerals and low to medium level mineralization. The ‘complex’ pegmatite is characterized by heterogeneous texture with extremely high level mineralization and spatial association of uraninite with biotite agglomerates. Geochemical analysis showed that, in ‘simple’ pegmatite, uranium enrichment is mainly achieved through fractional crystallization of pegmatitic magma; while in ‘complex’ pegmatite, magmatic evolution is clearly controlled by assimilation and contamination, and uranium mineralization is the result of assimilation-fractional crystallization (AFC) of pegmatitic magma. The mixing of external mafic components (FeO, MgO, TiO₂, MnO), specifically, led to change in the mineral crystallization sequence in ‘complex’ pegmatite melt, where “delayed” crystallization of feldspar minerals provided biotite with more favorable crystallization space/condition and led to massive biotite aggregation. Abundant biotite precipitation induced hydrolysis of UF_m^4-m complex in residual magama, which resulted in the precipitation of crystalline uraninites in and around biotite agglomerates. Thus, by studying the two types of uraniferous pegmatites one can better understand the magmatic evolutionary process and uranium mineralization mechanism, so as to enrich our knowledge about the pegmatite-type uranium deposit and provide a scientific basis for its future exploration and development.

Key words: pegmatite-type uranium deposit, mineralization process, assimilation-fractional crystallization (AFC) process, Damara orogenic belt, Namibia

CLC Number:

HUANG Ranxiao, WANG Guosheng, YUAN Guoli, QIU Kunfeng, Hounkpe Jechonias BIDOSSESSI. Assimilation-fractional crystallization (AFC) of pegmatitic magma and its implications for uranium mineralization: A case study of the Husab uranium deposit, Namibia[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(1): 377-402.

Figures/Tables 22

References 111

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群	亚群	组	厚度	岩性	年龄
斯瓦科普群	霍玛斯	卡塞布组	>3 000 m	黑云母长英质片岩、黑云母-石榴石-堇青石片岩、角闪石片岩、石英岩、大理岩
		卡里比组	1 000 m	大理岩、白云岩、黑云母片岩、石英片岩、页岩
		楚斯组	700 m	冰碛岩、含砾片岩、少量石英岩、BIF 条带、片岩	约710 Ma
	平行不整合
	奥加布	罗辛组	200 m	大理岩、石英岩、砾岩、变质杂砂岩、黑云母片岩、黑云母-堇青石片岩和片麻岩、黑云母-角闪石片岩
	平行不整合
诺斯比群		可汗组	1 100 m	含辉石的斜长角闪岩、角闪石-辉石片麻岩、黑云母-角闪石片岩、石英岩
诺斯比群		埃图西斯组	3 000 m	长石砂岩、砾岩、长石片麻岩; 少量黑云母片岩、大理岩、角闪岩、变质流纹岩
角度不整合
前达马拉基底				以眼球状片麻岩和石英长石片麻岩为主,含少量泥质片岩、石英岩、大理岩、斜长角闪岩	约2 Ga

群	亚群	组	厚度	岩性	年龄
斯瓦科普群	霍玛斯	卡塞布组	>3 000 m	黑云母长英质片岩、黑云母-石榴石-堇青石片岩、角闪石片岩、石英岩、大理岩
		卡里比组	1 000 m	大理岩、白云岩、黑云母片岩、石英片岩、页岩
		楚斯组	700 m	冰碛岩、含砾片岩、少量石英岩、BIF 条带、片岩	约710 Ma
	平行不整合
	奥加布	罗辛组	200 m	大理岩、石英岩、砾岩、变质杂砂岩、黑云母片岩、黑云母-堇青石片岩和片麻岩、黑云母-角闪石片岩
	平行不整合
诺斯比群		可汗组	1 100 m	含辉石的斜长角闪岩、角闪石-辉石片麻岩、黑云母-角闪石片岩、石英岩
诺斯比群		埃图西斯组	3 000 m	长石砂岩、砾岩、长石片麻岩; 少量黑云母片岩、大理岩、角闪岩、变质流纹岩
角度不整合
前达马拉基底				以眼球状片麻岩和石英长石片麻岩为主,含少量泥质片岩、石英岩、大理岩、斜长角闪岩	约2 Ga

类型	标志矿物学特征	放射性特征
A	浅灰白色,细到中粒、糖粒状结构,以白色长石为主	低,Th>U
B	白色,细粒到伟晶结构,含有石榴子石、电气石和黑云母	低,Th>U
C	白到浅粉红色,中粒伟晶结构,石英洁净,含微斜长石和斜长石,副矿物为磁铁矿、褐铁矿和电气石	低,局部较高,Th>U
D	白色,中粗粒到伟晶结构,原生铀矿化的围岩,白色长石,烟灰色石英,偶尔可见 β 硅钙铀矿、铌钛铀矿和磷灰石	极高,U >Th
E	红到粉红色,可见有氧化晕圈,细粒、粗粒到伟晶结构,矿物组成与D型相似,由烟灰色石英和粉红色长石构成	高,U >Th
F	红到粉红色,粗粒伟晶结构,粗粒条纹长石,乳白色石英,副矿物为磁铁矿和褐铁矿	低,U≈Th

类型	标志矿物学特征	放射性特征
A	浅灰白色,细到中粒、糖粒状结构,以白色长石为主	低,Th>U
B	白色,细粒到伟晶结构,含有石榴子石、电气石和黑云母	低,Th>U
C	白到浅粉红色,中粒伟晶结构,石英洁净,含微斜长石和斜长石,副矿物为磁铁矿、褐铁矿和电气石	低,局部较高,Th>U
D	白色,中粗粒到伟晶结构,原生铀矿化的围岩,白色长石,烟灰色石英,偶尔可见 β 硅钙铀矿、铌钛铀矿和磷灰石	极高,U >Th
E	红到粉红色,可见有氧化晕圈,细粒、粗粒到伟晶结构,矿物组成与D型相似,由烟灰色石英和粉红色长石构成	高,U >Th
F	红到粉红色,粗粒伟晶结构,粗粒条纹长石,乳白色石英,副矿物为磁铁矿和褐铁矿	低,U≈Th

岩石类型	矿物种类	测点编号	w_B/%
岩石类型	矿物种类	测点编号	Y₂O₃	MgO	FeO	UO₂	SiO₂	TiO₂	ThO₂	Ce₂O₃	PbO	Nd₂O₃	CaO	Total
高铀含量伟晶岩(D-HUP)	晶质铀矿	1	2.13	0.04	0.00	81.51	0.06	0.00	5.03	0.36	5.61	0.00	0.17	94.91
		2	1.84	0.00	0.04	83.19	0.00	0.00	4.40	0.32	5.73	0.00	0.22	95.74
		3	1.80	0.03	0.00	80.40	0.00	0.00	5.32	0.29	5.99	0.30	0.24	94.37
		4	1.87	0.00	0.00	80.25	0.00	0.00	5.49	0.27	6.18	0.00	0.20	94.26
		5	1.98	0.00	0.00	82.40	0.04	0.00	4.32	0.25	5.77	0.17	0.29	95.22
		6	1.66	0.00	0.00	79.48	0.12	0.00	5.92	0.60	5.81	0.47	0.39	94.45
		7	1.59	0.00	0.00	80.17	0.03	0.00	5.78	0.68	5.48	0.64	0.34	94.71
		8	1.93	0.00	0.06	81.16	0.00	0.00	4.77	0.31	6.09	0.40	0.20	94.92
		9	1.63	0.00	0.00	78.69	0.08	0.00	5.70	1.16	6.09	0.78	0.39	94.52
		10	1.49	0.00	0.04	82.44	0.00	0.00	4.23	0.40	5.59	0.24	0.32	94.75
		11	1.70	0.03	0.06	79.22	0.11	0.00	5.64	0.65	6.13	0.33	0.25	94.12
		12	1.58	0.04	0.00	80.35	0.00	0.00	5.38	0.34	6.12	0.28	0.15	94.24
		13	1.97	0.00	0.00	79.56	0.06	0.00	5.24	0.54	5.88	0.61	0.19	94.05
中等铀含量伟晶岩(D-MUP)	晶质铀矿	1	1.52	0.00	0.00	78.41	0.10	0.00	8.49	0.44	5.91	0.29	0.35	95.51
		2	1.64	0.03	0.00	79.77	0.08	0.00	7.06	0.37	5.81	0.31	0.57	95.64
		3	1.53	0.00	0.00	79.98	0.12	0.00	8.43	0.31	5.89	0.26	0.35	96.87
		4	2.17	0.04	0.04	77.77	0.11	0.00	7.61	0.66	5.84	0.54	0.41	95.19
		5	1.73	0.00	0.04	78.33	0.05	0.00	7.32	0.71	5.39	0.53	0.63	94.73
		6	1.29	0.00	0.08	80.91	0.12	0.00	6.91	0.10	5.77	0.00	0.20	95.38
		7	2.24	0.03	0.00	78.20	0.14	0.00	5.58	0.80	5.80	0.76	0.52	94.07
		8	1.89	0.05	0.00	78.45	0.10	0.00	7.36	0.34	5.77	0.11	0.30	94.37
		9	1.95	0.06	0.08	77.91	0.12	0.00	7.05	0.62	5.80	0.52	0.50	94.61
		10	1.65	0.05	0.00	79.17	0.06	0.00	6.81	0.63	6.27	0.44	0.18	95.26
		11	2.09	0.00	0.00	79.34	0.08	0.00	6.15	0.52	6.33	0.57	0.44	95.52
		12	1.86	0.00	0.00	77.86	0.12	0.00	6.95	0.59	5.77	0.40	0.74	94.29
		13	1.33	0.04	0.00	81.52	0.09	0.00	7.43	0.29	5.79	0.16	0.37	97.02
		14	1.99	0.00	0.00	81.40	0.04	0.00	5.24	0.38	6.08	0.32	0.38	95.83
低铀含量伟晶岩(D-LUP)	铀钍石	1	0.54	0.02	0.33	8.20	15.20	0.00	64.11	0.28	1.75	0.00	1.92	92.35
		2	0.58	0.09	0.08	8.07	15.12	0.05	64.23	0.09	2.39	0.00	1.81	92.51
		3	0.62	0.05	0.54	6.96	15.89	0.03	65.27	0.39	1.78	0.12	1.82	93.47
		4	0.96	0.03	0.15	9.80	15.47	0.05	64.02	0.24	2.10	0.00	1.71	94.53
		5	1.23	0.04	0.48	8.69	14.97	0.00	63.81	0.19	2.12	0.15	1.59	93.27