深部物质探测及其成矿预测:方法、应用与展望

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.8.61

地学前缘 ›› 2025, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (6): 89-130.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.8.61

深部物质探测及其成矿预测:方法、应用与展望

王涛¹^,²^,^*(), 侯增谦³^,^*(), 黄河¹, 杨立强⁴, 郑远川⁴, 孙剑¹, 鲍学伟⁵, 侯通⁴, 范润龙², 许博⁴, 张建军¹, 朱小三², 尹继元¹, 苏玉平⁶

1.深地探测与矿产勘查全国重点实验室, 中国地质科学院地质研究所, 北京 100037
2.北京离子探针中心, 中国地质科学院地质研究所, 北京 100037
3.深地探测与矿产勘查全国重点实验室, 中国地质科学院, 北京 100037
4.中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083
5.浙江大学地球科学学院, 浙江杭州 310058
6.中国地质大学(武汉) 地球科学学院, 湖北武汉 430074

收稿日期:2025-05-07 修回日期:2025-08-25 出版日期:2025-11-25 发布日期:2025-11-12
通信作者: 王涛,侯增谦
基金资助:
国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(2019YFA0708600);国家自然科学基金重大计划集成项目(92162322);中国地质调查局项目(DD20250208807);中国地质调查局项目(DD20230229);中国地质调查局项目(DD20190685);中国地质调查局项目(DD20243516);国际地学计划项目IGCP 662和深时数字地球(DDE)大科学计划和基本科研业务项目(J2404)

Deep earth material exploration and mineralization prediction: Methods, applications, and future prospects

WANG Tao¹^,²^,^*(), HOU Zengqian³^,^*(), HUANG He¹, YANG Liqiang⁴, ZHENG Yuanchuan⁴, SUN Jian¹, BAO Xuewei⁵, HOU Tong⁴, FAN Runlong², XU Bo⁴, ZHANG Jianjun¹, ZHU Xiaosan², YIN Jiyuan¹, SU Yuping⁶

1. State Key Laboratory of Deep Earth and Mineral Exploration, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
2. Beijing SHRIMP Center,Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
3. State Key Laboratory of Deep Earth and Mineral Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
4. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
5. School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
6. School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China

Received:2025-05-07 Revised:2025-08-25 Online:2025-11-25 Published:2025-11-12
Contact: WANG Tao, HOU Zengqian

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

深部物质探测是地球深部探测的软肋,主要是由于欠缺有效且可靠的技术方法,制约了对地球深部物质组成、演变及其动力学的认识。本文总结了近年在深部物质架构探测的理论与方法体系及其应用方面的进展。该方法体系主要包括:(1)岩浆岩岩石学、矿物学研究,获取深部组成的物质类型等信息;(2)包体(如捕虏体)研究,直接探测深部物质类型;(3)元素地球化学示踪与填图,了解岩浆成因与源区物质成分特征;(4)放射性成因同位素(如Nd、Hf同位素体系)示踪与填图,确定深部物质时间(新、老)属性;(5)稳定同位素(如O、Mg、Ca等)示踪与填图,了解深部物质来源与循环;(6)捕获/继承锆石示踪与填图,获得深部物质时间和物质属性;(7)地球物理探测,获得深部物质地球物理参数并推测深部岩石类型和物质组成;(8)实验模拟,提供多元同位素和元素地球化学联合示踪的依据,为深部物质探测与地球物理探测结果的对标提供理论支撑;(9)多学科数据集成、综合分析方法。这些方法的有机结合,在厘定造山带与克拉通边界、探测典型构造单元三维架构到四维演变、揭示覆盖区及大型盆地的基底属性、阐明深部物质成矿制约等方面取得了新进展。本文还指出了目前在同位素填图与应用方面存在的和值得注意的问题,展望了未来发展方向和前景。

关键词: 岩浆岩, 岩石探针, 同位素填图, 深地探测, 岩石圈物质架构, 成矿制约

Abstract:

Deep material exploration remains a major challenge in deep Earth science, primarily due to the scarcity of effective and reliable methods. This limitation constrains our understanding of the material composition, evolution, and geodynamics of the Earth’s interior. This paper synthesizes recent progress in theoretical frameworks, methodologies, and applications for deciphering deep lithospheric architecture. The methodological system mainly encompasses: (1) petrogenetic and mineralogical studies of magmatic rocks to identify lithotypes of deep-sourcess; (2) xenolith (including xenocryst) studies to directly constrain the composition of the deep lithosphere; (3) elemental geochemical tracing and mapping to link magmatic petrogenesis with deep-source characteristics; (4) radiogenic isotope systems (e.g., Nd, Hf) to determine temporal attributes (juvenile vs. ancient) of deep materials; (5) stable isotopes (e.g., O, Mg, Ca) to trace deep-to-shallow cycling processes that influence the composition of deep materials; (6) xenocrystic/inherited zircon analysis to resolve the temporal and compositional evolution of deep materials; (7) geophysical investigations to derive physical parameters and infer rock types/compositions of the deep lithosphere; (8) petrological experiments and modeling to bridge compositions constrained by geochemical signatures (isotopes/elements) with physical properties detected through geophysical methods; (9) multidisciplinary data integration and synthesis. Applying these approaches has yielded significant breakthroughs, including delineation of orogen-craton boundaries, reconstruction of 3D/4D architectures of representative tectonic units, characterization of basement attributes beneath sedimentary basins, and elucidation of lithospheric controls on regional metallogenesis. Finally, challenges in isotopic mapping are discussed, along with critical research priorities and perspectives on future directions that could lead to transformative discoveries in deep Earth exploration.

Key words: magmatic rock, rock probe, isotopic mapping, deep Earth exploration, lithospheric architecture, mineralization constraints

中图分类号:

王涛, 侯增谦, 黄河, 杨立强, 郑远川, 孙剑, 鲍学伟, 侯通, 范润龙, 许博, 张建军, 朱小三, 尹继元, 苏玉平. 深部物质探测及其成矿预测:方法、应用与展望[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(6): 89-130.

WANG Tao, HOU Zengqian, HUANG He, YANG Liqiang, ZHENG Yuanchuan, SUN Jian, BAO Xuewei, HOU Tong, FAN Runlong, XU Bo, ZHANG Jianjun, ZHU Xiaosan, YIN Jiyuan, SU Yuping. Deep earth material exploration and mineralization prediction: Methods, applications, and future prospects[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(6): 89-130.

图/表 19

图1 多学科方法、多维、多模态、多元数据联合探测地球深部物质组成架构的方法体系示意图

Fig.1 Schematic illustration of the multidisciplinary, multi-dimensional, multi-modal, and multi-source data integration approach for exploring the architecture of deep Earth materials

图2 多学科方法、多维、多模态、多元数据联合探测岩石圈深部物质组成架构的理论、技术方法体系示意图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the theoretical and technicalframwork for exploring the deep material composition architecture of the lithosphere, integrating multidisciplinary approaches, multi-dimensional and multi-modal techniques, and diverse datasets for joint tracing and mapping

表1 岩石圈三维物质架构探测的理论及方法体系

Table 1 The methodological system for deciphering the lithospheric 3-D material architecture

图3 多学科方法、多维、多模态、多元数据联合探测岩石圈深部物质组成架构的理论、技术方法体系应用流程图

Fig.3 Flowchart of the application process of the theoretical and technical framework for exploring the deep material composition architecture of the lithosphere using multidisciplinary approaches, multi-dimensional and multi-modal techniques, and the integration of diverse data for joint tracing and mapping

图4 多种地球物理参数(如地震波速、密度、磁化率、电阻率、大地热流值等)迭代分析深部岩石类型方法(据文献[88,90])

Fig.4 Method for iterative analysis of deep rock types using multiple geophysical parameters (such as seismic wave velocity, density, magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, and heat flow values). Adapted from [88,90].

图5 中亚增生造山带西准噶尔地区同位素填图与地球物理联合示踪探测深部物质架构 (a)中酸性岩浆岩δ18O等值线图(修改自[29]), 底图是全岩Nd和锆石Hf同位素联合填图;(b)39 km深度vS速度结构图(数据提取自流动宽频地震台站数据;朱小三等,未发表)。

Fig.5 Isotope mapping and geophysical jointtracing and detect the deep material architecture in the Western Junggar region of the Central Asian Accretionary Orogenic Belt. (a) Contour map of δ18O for intermediate-felsic magmatic rocks (modified from [29]), (b) vS map at 39 km depth (data were obtained from mobile broadband seismic stations; Zhu Xiaoshan et al., unpublished data).

图6 中亚西段西准噶尔年轻洋内弧块体和西天山古老块体深部物质探测结果示意图左图展示上述块体中下地壳和地幔主要地球化学、地球物理参数;右图展示块体中地表岩浆岩岩石组合及其推测的深部源区岩石类型。

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of deep material investigation results for juvenile intra-oceanic arc terranes in West Junggar and ancient terranes in West Tianshan, western Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Left panel: Geochemical fingerprints and geophysical constraints on the middle-lower crust and mantle; Right panel: Surface magmatic rock assemblages and their inferred deep source lithologies within the terranes.

图7 冈底斯带中新世岩浆岩的Hg同位素组成特征(据文献[81])

Fig.7 Characteristics of Hg isotope composition in Miocene igneous rocks of the Gangdese Belt. Adapted from [81].

图8 青藏高原拉萨地体中部古老地块和南部年轻地块深部物质探测结果示意图左图展示上述块体中上地壳、中下地壳和地幔主要地球化学、地球物理参数;右图展示块体中地表岩浆岩岩石组合及其推测的深部源区岩石类型。vP、vS单位为km/s,δ18O单位为‰。

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of deep material exploration results in the central ancient block and southern young block of the Lhasa Terrane in the Tibetan Plateau. The left figure shows the main geochemical and geophysical parameters of the upper crust, middle-lower crust, and mantle in the aforementioned blocks; the right figure shows the surface igneous rock assemblages in the blocks and their inferred deep-source rock types.

图9 青藏高原拉萨地块物质架构 (a)、(b)、(c)分别为Hf-Nd-O同位素填图;(d)三维大地电磁在70 km深度的电阻率模型,显示下地壳中存在的4个低阻导体带;(e)印度板片的俯冲和撕裂模型图[132-133]。

Fig.9 Architecture of the Lhasa block. (a),(b) and (c)contour maps of zircon εHf(t), whole-rock εNd(t), and zircon δ18O for Cenozoic igneous rocks (<65 Ma) in the Lhasa block; (d)70 km depth slice of the resistivity model from 3-D MT inversion of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen shows four zones of lower-crustal conductors across the Lhasa block; (e) A cartoon showing the tearing of the Indian lithospheric slab with different subduction angles beneath the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen and the formation of collision-related PCDs[132-133].

图10 华北克拉通破坏区长英质岩石全岩Sr-Nd和锆石Hf同位素填图

Fig.10 Whole-rock Sr-Nd and zircon Hf isotope mapping of felsic rocks in the destruction region (Jiaodong) of North China Craton

图11 华北克拉通破坏区(胶东)岩石圈物质架构示意图(据文献[142])

Fig.11 Simplified diagram of the lithosphere compositional architecture in the North China Craton destruction region (Jiaodong). Adapted from [142].

图12 华北克拉通西部稳定区和东部破坏区体部物质架构探测结果示意图左图展示上述块体中下地壳和地幔主要地球化学、地球物理参数;右图展示块体中地表岩浆岩岩石组合及其推测的深部源区岩石类型。

Fig.12 Schematic diagram showing the deep material architecture both in the stable western region and the destructed eastern region of the North China Craton The left figure shows the main geochemical and geophysical parameters of the uppercrust, middle-lowercrust, and mantle in the aforementioned blocks; the right figure shows the surface igneous rock assemblages in the blocks and their inferred deep-source rock types.

图13 Nd同位素填图剖面揭示中亚造山带与克拉通深部物质组成差异 (a)西伯利亚克拉通-中亚造山带-华北克拉通剖面;(b)和(c),中亚造山带-华北克拉通边界Nd同位素剖面。

Fig.13 Nd isotope mapping profiles reveal differences in deep material composition between the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). (a) Profile across the Siberian Craton - Central Asian Orogenic Belt - North China Craton; (b) and (c), Nd isotope profiles along the boundary between the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and the North China Craton.

图14 中亚造山带西段准噶尔造山带和西准噶尔盆地深部物质组成架构及盆地年轻基性基底的特征 (a)盆地外和盆地里(钻孔)中酸性岩浆岩全岩Nd和锆石Hf同位素联合示踪填图;(b)面波成像获得北疆30~40 km深度的横波速度分布图;(c)Nb同位素、Hf同位素、Sr同位素剖面、捕获/继承锆石剖面和地震面波成像得到的横波速度(vS)剖面及其推演的SiO2剖面,揭示西准噶尔造山带和盆地具有相似的年轻的基性地壳特点(修改自[52])。

Fig.14 Deep material compositionarchitxcture of the Junggar Orogen and the Junggar Basin in the western CAOB and the juvenile mafic characteristics of the basin basement. (a) Whole-rock Nd + zircon Hf isotope joint maps of intermediate-acidic magmatic rocks outside and within the basin (drill holes); (b) Shear wave velocity distribution map at a depth of 30~40 km obtained from surface wave imaging; (c) Nb isotope, Hf isotope, and Sr isotope profiles, xenocrystic/ inherited zircon profiles, and shear wave velocity (vS) profiles, along with the inferred SiO2 profiles, show consistency (with a similarity of ) and reveal that the Western Junggar Orogen and the basin have similar juvenile mafic crustal characteristics. Modified after [52].

图15 中亚增生造山带、青藏高原碰撞造山带和华北克拉通三大典型构造单元三维深部物质架构 (a)北疆增生造山带岩石圈三维物质架构;(b)冈底斯碰撞造山带岩石圈三维物质架构;(c)华北克拉通三维岩石圈架构。

Fig.15 Three-dimensional deep material architectures of three major typical tectonicunits:the Central Asian Accretionary Orogenic Belt, the Tibetan Plateau Collisional Orogenic Belt, and the North China Craton. (a) Three-dimensional lithospheric material architecture of the accretionary orogenic belt in northern Xinjiang; (b) Three-dimensional lithospheric material architecture of the Gangdese collisional orogenic belt; (c) Three-dimensional lithospheric architecture of the North China Craton. 3-D lithospheric material architecture

图16 中亚造山带岩浆岩Nd+Hf联合同位素填图揭示中亚造山系深部物质组成三维架构及四维演变(修改自[52])

Fig.16 Nd + Hf joint isotope mapping of felsic-intermediate and mafic magmatic rocks in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt showing the deep crust and mantle architecture (3D) and its evolution (4D). Modified after [52]. (a) 600~320 and (b) 320~250 Ma.

图17 全球8个典型造山带Nd同位素填图揭示深部物质架构及其成矿制约(底图据[52]) 蓝色区域为年轻地壳,褐色区域为古老再造地壳。圈闭线为预测的战略靶区。

Fig.17 Nd isotope mapping of eight typical orogens worldwide reveals deep material architectures and their constraints on mineralization. Blue areas represent juvenile crust, and brown areas represent ancient reworked crust. The enclosed lines indicate predicted strategic target regions. Base map adapted from [52].

图18 阿尔泰深部物质Nd同位素填图与地表化探揭示地表与下地壳三维物质架构及锂矿战略新区和靶区预测。锂元素地球化学图由王学求提供。

Fig.18 Nd isotope mapping of the deep material in the Altai region and surface geochemical exploration reveal the three-dimensional material architecture of the surface and lower crust, as well as the prediction of new strategic lithium ore districts and target zones

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深部物质探测及其成矿预测:方法、应用与展望

Deep earth material exploration and mineralization prediction: Methods, applications, and future prospects

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