地学前缘 ›› 2025, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (6): 245-255.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.9.32

• 岩石成因与效应新探 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国大陆地貌特征及其成因探讨

李廷栋1,2(), 刘勇1,3, 王淼1,4, 刘彩云1,4   

  1. 1.中国地质科学院 地质研究所, 北京 100037
    2.河北地质大学, 河北 石家庄 050031
    3.内蒙古自治区岩浆活动成矿与找矿重点实验室, 内蒙古 呼和浩特 010020
    4.中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083
  • 收稿日期:2025-05-27 修回日期:2025-06-12 出版日期:2025-11-25 发布日期:2025-11-12
  • 作者简介:李廷栋(1930—),男,研究员,中国科学院院士,从事区域地质研究及地质编图工作。E-mail: litdong@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    内蒙古自治区岩浆活动成矿与找矿重点实验室开放课题(编号2024KF001);中国地质调查局地质调查项目“中国区域地质志和系列图件编制”(DD20221645)

Dicussion on geomorphic characteristics and formative causes of the Chinese mainland

LI Tingdong1,2(), LIU Yong1,3, WANG Miao1,4, LIU Caiyun1,4   

  1. 1. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
    2. Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
    3. Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Magmatic Mineralization and Ore-Prospecting, Hohhot 010020, China
    4. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • Received:2025-05-27 Revised:2025-06-12 Online:2025-11-25 Published:2025-11-12

摘要:

中国是世界上地势、地貌最复杂又最具特色的国家。山川纵横,湖泊与沼泽、湿地星罗棋布,山水林田湖草沙冰(冰川)一应俱全。地势的阶梯状展布、高大的青藏高原、西北地区的盆岭地貌和广袤的沙漠与戈壁、北方的黄土高原、横断山系的高山峡谷、云桂黔川多彩多姿的岩溶地貌等,都是世界上罕见的地貌景象。本文主要论述了中国地势4个阶梯的展布特点及其与地壳、岩石圈厚度之间的契合,并从地质作用成因与自然地理的耦合上将中国山脉划分为6大山脉群,讨论了中国山脉、河流、湖泊、湿地的类型、分布与特征,探讨了中国大陆及其自然地理格局、地貌景观和生态系统形成的地质背景。

关键词: 大陆地貌, 中国大陆, 自然地理格局, 地貌景观

Abstract:

China possesses the world’s most complex and distinctive topography, characterized by crisscrossing mountains and rivers, scattered lakes, swamps, and wetlands. Its landscape encompasses a complete range of natural elements: mountains, water bodies, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, deserts, and glaciers. Globally rare geomorphological spectacles include: the stepped terrain distribution, the towering Tibetan Plateau, the basin-and-range topography of the northwest, the vast deserts and the Gobi, the Loess Plateau of the north, the high mountain gorges of the Hengduan Mountains, and the diverse karst landscapes of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, and Sichuan. In this paper, we examine the distribution characteristics of China’s four topographic tiers and their relationship with the thickness of the Earth’s crust and lithosphere. Based on the coupling of geological genesis and physical geography, China’s mountain ranges are classified into six groups. The types, distribution, and characteristics of mountain ranges, rivers, lakes, and wetlands in China are analyzed. Furthermore, the paper discusses the geological background of the Chinese mainland and its role in shaping the natural geographical pattern, geomorphological landscapes, and ecosystems.

Key words: continental landforms, Chinese mainland, natural geographical pattern, landform landscape

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