全新世东地中海的陆源碎屑输入及其水文气候变化:海盆尺度地球化学分析

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地中海位于非洲季风气候和欧洲温带气候的交界处,同时接受周边地区岩石性质和风化状况差异极大的碎屑物质,所以是研究地球表层水文循环的理想区域。前人的认识集中于撒哈拉风尘和尼罗河输入,往往忽视了其他的陆源碎屑沉积,尤其对不同水文气候条件下的潜在变化缺乏考虑。针对形成于全新世非洲湿润期的腐泥层S1页岩沉积,并结合采自岩心顶部的晚全新世/现代沉积物,文章从18个站位选取了30个样品开展碎屑组分的地球化学分析,通过在具有不同干湿环境背景的时间片段上开展盆地尺度的对比(约9.5~8.9 ka vs. 约1.7~0 ka),探讨全新世东地中海的陆源碎屑输入模式。Ti/Al、Zr/Al、Ca/Al、Y/Al都清晰显示了经向和纬向上的梯度变化,可用作撒哈拉风尘的可靠指标;这些碎屑元素之间的差异反映了北非风尘来源和传送路径的变化。这些风尘指标在南-北向上的一致变化指示了副热带高压与西风带的交互界限为36°N,该界限在全新世应稳定存在。与风尘相反,河流输入的指标值在早全新世时显著高于现代,并呈现不同的地理分布。K/Al具有西高东低、北高南低的分布特征,指示了地中海北部沿岸地区的河流输入。根据与Ti/Al、K/Al的差异,利用(Cr+Ni)/Al可较好地识别被增强的季风降雨所激活的北非古河流沉积。河流输入在早全新世时显著上升,但不同河流系统的影响范围差异很大,受制于源区水文气候、表层洋流搬运等因素。

关键词: 地中海, 全新世, 非洲湿润期, 腐泥层S1, 元素地球化学, 撒哈拉风尘, 古河流

Abstract:

The Mediterranean Sea lies at the interface between the African monsoon and the European temperate climate zones while receives from the surrounding continents significant amounts of lithogenic detritus with very different rock compositions and weathering regimes, making it an ideal area to study the Earth’s hydrological cycle. Previous works mostly focused on the Saharan dust and Nile discharge, but might have underestimated the supplies from other sources, especially overlooked the potential impact of paleo-rivers in the wider North-African margin. Focusing on the sapropel S1 layer deposited in the African Humid Period, combined with the present-day/Late-Holocene sediments collected from core tops, 30 samples from 18 core sites across the eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS) were selected for elemental geochemical analysis. Comparing between two time slices (~9.5-8.9 ka vs. ~1.7-0 ka) having different hydroclimate backgrounds, this study permits a basin-wide detailed investigation of the terrigenous detrital inputs to EMS in the Holocene. Particularly, we aim to distinguish and characterize geochemically the various dust and riverine contributions. The Ti/Al, Zr/Al, Ca/Al, Y/Al ratios all showed longitude and latitude gradient variations, making them reliable indicators for Saharan dust; the differences between detrital elements likely reflect changes in the dust source and delivery routes originated from North Africa. Consistent north-south pattern in the dust proxies suggests a persistent interacting boundary of 36°N between the subtropical high-pressure belt and the temperate westerlies in the Holocene. Contrary to dust proxies, the riverine indicators were not only significantly higher in value for the Early Holocene than the present-day, but also exhibited different geographical patterns. The P/Al ratio showed west-east and north-south decreasing trends indicative of riverine inputs from the numerous small rivers along the coast of the northern Mediterranean Sea. Potential supply of North African paleo-rivers that were reactivated by intensified monsoon precipitation could be discerned based on the differences between the Ti/Al or K/Al and (Cr+Ni)/Al ratios. Taken together, the riverine inputs should have largely increased during the Early Holocene, while the delivery extents differed between the river systems, affected by specific hydroclimate mechanisms and the delivery of the surface currents.

Key words: Mediterranean, Holocene, African Humid Period, sapropel S1, elemental geochemistry, Saharan dust, paleo-river

中图分类号:

P467
P595

吴家望, 姚胜男, Amalia FILIPPIDI, 刘志飞, Gert J. DE LANGE. 全新世东地中海的陆源碎屑输入及其水文气候变化:海盆尺度地球化学分析[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(4): 156-167.

WU Jiawang, YAO Shengnan, Amalia FILIPPIDI, LIU Zhifei, Gert J. DE LANGE. Terrigenous detrital inputs and hydroclimate changes in the Holocene eastern Mediterranean Sea: A basin-wide geochemical view[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(4): 156-167.

图/表 7

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岩心	取样方式	地理位置	站位水深/m	航次信息
BC07	箱式	33°40.0'N, 32°40.0'E	893	RV Marion Dufresne 1994
SL29	箱式	33°23.4'N, 32°30.2'E	1 587	RV Logachev 1999
SL09	箱式	34°17.2'N, 31°31.4'E	2 302	RV Logachev 1999
BC19	箱式	33°47.9'N, 28°36.5'E	2 750	RV Marion Dufresne 1991
BC03	箱式	33°22.5'N, 24°46.0'E	2 180	RV Marion Dufresne 1994
SL125	箱式	33°39.4'N, 24°33.0'E	1 946	RV Logachev 1999
SL73	箱式	39°39.7'N, 24°30.7'E	339	RV Logachev 1999
SL114	箱式	35°17.2'N, 21°24.5'E	3 390	RV Logachev 1999
SL139	箱式	34°16.1'N, 19°49.8'E	3 293	RV Logachev 1999
BP15	箱式	32°46.7'N, 19°52.6'E	665	RV Pelagia 2001
BP18	箱式	33°06.0'N, 19°46.4'E	1 850	RV Pelagia 2001
AP1	重力	39°13.0'N, 19°06.8'E	811	RV Urania 1998
MP50	活塞	39°29.0'N, 18°31.0'E	775	RV Pelagia 2009
KC01	活塞	36°15.3'N, 17°44.3'E	3 643	RV Marion Dufresne 1991
UM42	箱式	34°57.2'N, 17°51.8'E	1 375	RV Urania 1994
CP10	箱式	34°32.7'N, 16°34.0'E	1 501	RV Pelagia 2011
CP09	箱式	36°02.2'N, 13°06.6'E	524	RV Pelagia 2011
MT11	重力	37°03.5'N, 13°15.4'E	502	RV Tyro 1993

岩心	取样方式	地理位置	站位水深/m	航次信息
BC07	箱式	33°40.0'N, 32°40.0'E	893	RV Marion Dufresne 1994
SL29	箱式	33°23.4'N, 32°30.2'E	1 587	RV Logachev 1999
SL09	箱式	34°17.2'N, 31°31.4'E	2 302	RV Logachev 1999
BC19	箱式	33°47.9'N, 28°36.5'E	2 750	RV Marion Dufresne 1991
BC03	箱式	33°22.5'N, 24°46.0'E	2 180	RV Marion Dufresne 1994
SL125	箱式	33°39.4'N, 24°33.0'E	1 946	RV Logachev 1999
SL73	箱式	39°39.7'N, 24°30.7'E	339	RV Logachev 1999
SL114	箱式	35°17.2'N, 21°24.5'E	3 390	RV Logachev 1999
SL139	箱式	34°16.1'N, 19°49.8'E	3 293	RV Logachev 1999
BP15	箱式	32°46.7'N, 19°52.6'E	665	RV Pelagia 2001
BP18	箱式	33°06.0'N, 19°46.4'E	1 850	RV Pelagia 2001
AP1	重力	39°13.0'N, 19°06.8'E	811	RV Urania 1998
MP50	活塞	39°29.0'N, 18°31.0'E	775	RV Pelagia 2009
KC01	活塞	36°15.3'N, 17°44.3'E	3 643	RV Marion Dufresne 1991
UM42	箱式	34°57.2'N, 17°51.8'E	1 375	RV Urania 1994
CP10	箱式	34°32.7'N, 16°34.0'E	1 501	RV Pelagia 2011
CP09	箱式	36°02.2'N, 13°06.6'E	524	RV Pelagia 2011
MT11	重力	37°03.5'N, 13°15.4'E	502	RV Tyro 1993

岩心	深度/ cm	年龄/ (ka cal. BP)	w_B/%							w_B/10^-6						CIA ^a
岩心	深度/ cm	年龄/ (ka cal. BP)	Al	Fe	Mg	K	Ca	Na	Ti	Zr	Co	Cr	Ni	Sc	Y	CIA ^a
早全新世(腐泥层S1样品)
BC07	24.25	9.14	8.75	9.46	1.32	1.45	0.39	0.41	0.70	216.3	23.9	150.2	85.1	19.7	20.5	80.4
SL29	27.25	8.99	8.50	9.26	1.84	1.28	0.32	0.35	0.64	197.5	29.2	136.3	80.6	19.1	18.2	82.3
SL09	37.45	8.90	7.70	8.38	1.38	1.52	0.46	0.48	0.49	136.0	37.9	161.6	111.3	20.7	14.6	76.6
BC19	25.75	9.42	8.01	9.19	1.75	1.34	0.25	0.36	0.54	173.8	62.7	155.9	117.8	17.7	14.8	81.9
BC03	21.20	9.33	8.61	6.01	1.86	2.10	0.27	0.47	0.59	179.1	27.2	185.2	108.5	18.2	20.0	77.5
SL125	21.75	9.40	8.56	7.30	1.88	2.06	0.26	0.48	0.58	187.2	18.1	196.7	108.6	17.9	20.6	77.7
SL73	22.15	9.31	9.19	4.73	1.54	2.60	0.67	1.08	0.51	101.0	14.1	213.6	116.9	18.6	15.9	68.7
SL114	32.05	9.33	7.83	8.30	1.80	2.24	0.18	0.47	0.43	111.5	54.9	178.7	122.6	17.9	12.9	76.1
SL139	28.25	9.31	9.70	6.89	1.42	2.57	0.16	0.43	0.51	153.0	26.0	181.0	98.3	18.9	17.0	78.5
BP18	27.75	9.24	8.83	4.45	2.00	2.26	0.21	0.41	0.54	165.0	24.0	136.5	66.7	18.0	20.1	78.2
AP1	30.25	9.20	9.82	5.20	1.76	2.81	0.22	0.57	0.51	150.0	19.4	220.5	123.0	18.7	17.0	76.2
MP50	44.25	8.94	9.69	4.31	1.54	2.84	0.15	0.59	0.50	137.8	13.7	220.9	93.6	18.3	16.4	76.2
UM42	26.15	9.55	9.52	5.13	1.37	2.48	0.23	0.48	0.53	149.2	11.2	147.2	56.0	17.2	18.3	77.7
KC01	100.30	8.93	8.59	5.54	1.18	2.32	0.24	0.51	0.47	124.3	42.8	142.0	72.3	16.2	14.8	76.4
CP10	33.75	9.27	9.31	4.31	1.28	2.35	0.22	0.43	0.52	138.3	15.7	130.2	53.3	16.8	18.9	78.4
MT11	286.00	9.38	10.52	4.70	0.00	2.25	0.05	0.23	0.59	158.1	8.8	149.6	35.8	15.5	20.1	84.0
晚全新世/现代(岩心表层样品)
BC07^b	0.25	0.86	7.56	5.37	1.10	1.28	0.38	0.39	0.65	184.6	12.9	138.8	59.7	19.1	18.0	79.4
SL29^b	0.25	1.65	7.68	5.31	1.42	1.36	0.41	0.44	0.68	198.1	12.5	115.2	57.5	19.4	19.0	78.3
SL09^b	0.35	≈0	7.54	5.18	1.25	1.41	0.39	0.41	0.58	155.5	14.5	127.9	74.5	18.5	16.3	78.3
BC19^b	3.75	1.65	7.70	4.58	1.69	1.84	0.27	0.44	0.58	183.8	10.7	123.7	60.7	14.9	20.2	77.2
BC03^b	5.60	4.85	9.09	5.28	1.80	2.33	0.30	0.54	0.64	209.3	13.1	164.4	86.7	17.3	24.2	76.4
SL125	8.75	4.04	9.60	5.43	1.29	2.32	0.28	0.50	0.67	206.1	15.1	175.1	93.4	17.9	24.3	77.9
SL73^b	0.45	1.20	7.60	3.85	1.17	1.96	0.60	0.95	0.40	80.9	9.8	143.6	76.5	16.6	12.7	68.7
SL114^b	0.25	≈0	7.32	3.93	1.32	1.83	0.19	0.52	0.49	121.7	11.5	137.6	70.5	14.7	15.6	76.5
BP15^b	0.25	≈0	8.71	4.67	1.12	2.31	0.33	0.52	0.60	203.0	10.6	107.2	40.3	19.8	23.6	75.7
BP18^b	0.25	1.89	7.98	4.35	1.49	2.14	0.33	0.65	0.58	178.0	10.3	99.0	35.6	14.9	19.5	73.8
AP1^b	0.25	≈0	9.28	4.42	1.27	2.42	0.16	0.62	0.54	130.6	14.3	177.0	74.1	19.6	14.6	77.0
UM42	4.65	1.38	8.84	4.55	1.24	2.25	0.31	0.52	0.57	168.7	9.9	113.9	41.1	15.6	21.0	76.3
CP10^b	0.25	0.76	9.82	4.64	1.10	2.44	0.35	0.54	0.60	154.0	10.0	130.6	45.5	18.9	21.1	76.9
CP09^b	0.25	≈0	8.72	4.18	0.77	1.92	0.17	0.32	0.54	149.7	8.0	120.7	33.9	16.6	19.2	80.9
ISE-921(n=4)			5.72	3.28	1.14	1.97	4.49	5.67	3.62	106.9	13.7	139.7	45.1	9.6	22.4
MAG-1(n=2)			8.63	4.87	1.92	1.52	1.07	2.91	0.43	92.5	19.6	110.8	65.3	16.7	22.5

岩心	深度/ cm	年龄/ (ka cal. BP)	w_B/%							w_B/10^-6						CIA ^a
岩心	深度/ cm	年龄/ (ka cal. BP)	Al	Fe	Mg	K	Ca	Na	Ti	Zr	Co	Cr	Ni	Sc	Y	CIA ^a
早全新世(腐泥层S1样品)
BC07	24.25	9.14	8.75	9.46	1.32	1.45	0.39	0.41	0.70	216.3	23.9	150.2	85.1	19.7	20.5	80.4
SL29	27.25	8.99	8.50	9.26	1.84	1.28	0.32	0.35	0.64	197.5	29.2	136.3	80.6	19.1	18.2	82.3
SL09	37.45	8.90	7.70	8.38	1.38	1.52	0.46	0.48	0.49	136.0	37.9	161.6	111.3	20.7	14.6	76.6
BC19	25.75	9.42	8.01	9.19	1.75	1.34	0.25	0.36	0.54	173.8	62.7	155.9	117.8	17.7	14.8	81.9
BC03	21.20	9.33	8.61	6.01	1.86	2.10	0.27	0.47	0.59	179.1	27.2	185.2	108.5	18.2	20.0	77.5
SL125	21.75	9.40	8.56	7.30	1.88	2.06	0.26	0.48	0.58	187.2	18.1	196.7	108.6	17.9	20.6	77.7
SL73	22.15	9.31	9.19	4.73	1.54	2.60	0.67	1.08	0.51	101.0	14.1	213.6	116.9	18.6	15.9	68.7
SL114	32.05	9.33	7.83	8.30	1.80	2.24	0.18	0.47	0.43	111.5	54.9	178.7	122.6	17.9	12.9	76.1
SL139	28.25	9.31	9.70	6.89	1.42	2.57	0.16	0.43	0.51	153.0	26.0	181.0	98.3	18.9	17.0	78.5
BP18	27.75	9.24	8.83	4.45	2.00	2.26	0.21	0.41	0.54	165.0	24.0	136.5	66.7	18.0	20.1	78.2
AP1	30.25	9.20	9.82	5.20	1.76	2.81	0.22	0.57	0.51	150.0	19.4	220.5	123.0	18.7	17.0	76.2
MP50	44.25	8.94	9.69	4.31	1.54	2.84	0.15	0.59	0.50	137.8	13.7	220.9	93.6	18.3	16.4	76.2
UM42	26.15	9.55	9.52	5.13	1.37	2.48	0.23	0.48	0.53	149.2	11.2	147.2	56.0	17.2	18.3	77.7
KC01	100.30	8.93	8.59	5.54	1.18	2.32	0.24	0.51	0.47	124.3	42.8	142.0	72.3	16.2	14.8	76.4
CP10	33.75	9.27	9.31	4.31	1.28	2.35	0.22	0.43	0.52	138.3	15.7	130.2	53.3	16.8	18.9	78.4
MT11	286.00	9.38	10.52	4.70	0.00	2.25	0.05	0.23	0.59	158.1	8.8	149.6	35.8	15.5	20.1	84.0
晚全新世/现代(岩心表层样品)
BC07^b	0.25	0.86	7.56	5.37	1.10	1.28	0.38	0.39	0.65	184.6	12.9	138.8	59.7	19.1	18.0	79.4
SL29^b	0.25	1.65	7.68	5.31	1.42	1.36	0.41	0.44	0.68	198.1	12.5	115.2	57.5	19.4	19.0	78.3
SL09^b	0.35	≈0	7.54	5.18	1.25	1.41	0.39	0.41	0.58	155.5	14.5	127.9	74.5	18.5	16.3	78.3
BC19^b	3.75	1.65	7.70	4.58	1.69	1.84	0.27	0.44	0.58	183.8	10.7	123.7	60.7	14.9	20.2	77.2
BC03^b	5.60	4.85	9.09	5.28	1.80	2.33	0.30	0.54	0.64	209.3	13.1	164.4	86.7	17.3	24.2	76.4
SL125	8.75	4.04	9.60	5.43	1.29	2.32	0.28	0.50	0.67	206.1	15.1	175.1	93.4	17.9	24.3	77.9
SL73^b	0.45	1.20	7.60	3.85	1.17	1.96	0.60	0.95	0.40	80.9	9.8	143.6	76.5	16.6	12.7	68.7
SL114^b	0.25	≈0	7.32	3.93	1.32	1.83	0.19	0.52	0.49	121.7	11.5	137.6	70.5	14.7	15.6	76.5
BP15^b	0.25	≈0	8.71	4.67	1.12	2.31	0.33	0.52	0.60	203.0	10.6	107.2	40.3	19.8	23.6	75.7
BP18^b	0.25	1.89	7.98	4.35	1.49	2.14	0.33	0.65	0.58	178.0	10.3	99.0	35.6	14.9	19.5	73.8
AP1^b	0.25	≈0	9.28	4.42	1.27	2.42	0.16	0.62	0.54	130.6	14.3	177.0	74.1	19.6	14.6	77.0
UM42	4.65	1.38	8.84	4.55	1.24	2.25	0.31	0.52	0.57	168.7	9.9	113.9	41.1	15.6	21.0	76.3
CP10^b	0.25	0.76	9.82	4.64	1.10	2.44	0.35	0.54	0.60	154.0	10.0	130.6	45.5	18.9	21.1	76.9
CP09^b	0.25	≈0	8.72	4.18	0.77	1.92	0.17	0.32	0.54	149.7	8.0	120.7	33.9	16.6	19.2	80.9
ISE-921(n=4)			5.72	3.28	1.14	1.97	4.49	5.67	3.62	106.9	13.7	139.7	45.1	9.6	22.4
MAG-1(n=2)			8.63	4.87	1.92	1.52	1.07	2.91	0.43	92.5	19.6	110.8	65.3	16.7	22.5