海底沉积物孔隙压力原位长期观测技术回顾和展望

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.30

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (5): 229-245.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.30

海底沉积物孔隙压力原位长期观测技术回顾和展望

陈天¹^,²(), 贾永刚¹^,³^,^*(), 刘涛¹^,³, 刘晓磊¹^,³, 单红仙¹^,³, 孙中强¹

1.中国海洋大学山东省海洋环境地质工程重点实验室, 山东青岛 266100
2.自然资源部海岸带科学与综合管理重点实验室, 山东青岛 266061
3.青岛海洋科学与技术国家实验室海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室, 山东青岛 266061

收稿日期:2021-01-05 修回日期:2021-03-27 出版日期:2022-09-25 发布日期:2022-08-24
通信作者: 贾永刚
作者简介:陈天(1993—),男,博士研究生,主要从事海洋工程地质方面的研究工作。E-mail: chentian@stu.ouc.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重点项目(41831280);自然资源部海岸带科学与综合管理重点实验室开放基金项目(2021COSIMQ007);中国工程科技发展战略海南研究院重大咨询研究项目(21-HN-ZD-02)

Long-term in situ observation of pore pressure in marine sediments: A review of technology development and future outlooks

CHEN Tian¹^,²(), JIA Yonggang¹^,³^,^*(), LIU Tao¹^,³, LIU Xiaolei¹^,³, SHAN Hongxian¹^,³, SUN Zhongqiang¹

1. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
2. Key Laboratory of Coastal Science and Integrated Management, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
3. Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China

Received:2021-01-05 Revised:2021-03-27 Online:2022-09-25 Published:2022-08-24
Contact: JIA Yonggang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海底沉积物孔隙压力对海底地质灾害过程反应敏感,是表征海床稳定性的一个重要指标,通过海底沉积物的孔隙压力观测可以判断海床的稳定状态,对于海底地质灾害预测预警具有重要意义。海底沉积物孔隙压力观测存在(1)超高背景压力下的高精度测量;(2)贯入过程传感器超量程破坏;(3)系统长期供电及传感器漂移;(4)深海海底布放和回收等技术难点。国际上海底孔隙压力观测技术从20世纪60年代开始发展,逐渐形成了系列核心监测技术和成熟的商业化设备产品。挪威岩土工程研究所NGI与美国伊利诺伊大学共同研发的NGI-Illinois压差式孔隙压力观测系统,是已知最早的海底沉积物孔隙压力观测设备。此后,美国地质调查局USGS、美国桑迪亚国家实验室、英国牛津大学等相继研发了不同结构的观测设备,覆盖浅海到深海。其中,英国海洋科学研究所研发成功的深海孔隙压力原位长期观测设备PUPPI是一个重要的历史节点,该设备能够在6 000 m水深的环境中连续运行一年,成为当时最成功的海底孔隙压力观测设备,其现代化的设备结构和设计理念被后续的观测设备广为借鉴。21世纪以来,得益于海洋科学技术的整体进步,国际孔隙压力观测技术发展呈现加速趋势。法国海洋开发研究院IFREMER研发的Piezometer系列孔隙压力观测探杆,代表了当今世界的先进水平,可能是目前应用次数最多的海底孔隙压力观测设备。我国在深海探测、观测技术领域起步较晚,在深海沉积物孔隙压力原位长期观测技术方面几乎空白,发展很不成熟。其中,中国海洋大学、自然资源部第一海洋研究所等单位进行了较多的探索性研发工作。近年来,以港珠澳大桥建设、南海天然气水合物试采等为标志的大批国家级海洋建设项目如火如荼,深海油气矿产资源开发、深海天然气水合物开采利用等海洋新兴产业快速起步,深海孔隙压力原位长期监测关键核心技术等“卡脖子”问题仍然突出,严重制约了我国海洋工程产业发展的步伐。因此,迫切需要发展具有自主知识产权和关键核心技术的国产深海沉积物孔隙压力原位长期监测技术。本文回顾了国际、国内海底孔隙压力观测技术的相关研究进展,旨在分析总结孔隙压力观测技术及其应用中涉及的一些核心技术和亟待解决的关键问题,以期为我国该项技术的发展和应用提供借鉴。

关键词: 原位长期观测, 孔隙压力, 海洋沉积物, 地质灾害, 海洋工程

Abstract:

Pore pressure in marine sediments is an important seabed stability indicator due to its sensitivity to marine geological hazards. Seabed stability can be assessed by measuring pore pressure accumulation in marine sediments, which is important for the forecast and early warning of marine geological hazards. However, there are several technical challenges in deep-ocean pore pressure observation, such as (1) high-resolution measurement under ultra-high background hydrostatic pressure; (2) sensor over-range damage during penetration process; (3) long-term power supply and sensor drift; and (4) equipment deployment and recovery off deep ocean floor. The international deep-ocean pore pressure observation technology has been developed since the 1960s to yield a series of core technologies and commercial products. The NGI-Illinois Differential Piezometer Probe System, jointly developed by Norwegian Geotechnical Institute and University of Illinois, is known as the earliest observational equipment. Since then, USGS, Sandia National Laboratory, Oxford University, etc. have developed various observational equipments covering shallow to the deep sea. Thereinto, PUPPI, a pop-up pore pressure instrument developed by UK's Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, marked an important historical achievement. At the time it was the most successful observational equipment that could continuously operate 6000 m underwater for one year, and its advanced design concept was widely borrowed by subsequent equipment developers. Since the 21st century, benefited from the overall progress in marine science and technology, the technology development for pore pressure observation has shown an accelerated trend. At the moment, the Piezometer series equipment, developed by the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER), represents today's advanced level and is probably the most frequently used equipment worldwide. China started late in its deep-ocean exploration and observation technology development, including deep-ocean pore pressure observation. Currently, exploratory observational technology developments are carried out by Ocean University of China, Ministry of Natural Resources First Institute of Oceanography, etc. In recent years, a large number of national marine construction projects are in full swing, marked by the construction of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge and the test mining of natural gas hydrate in the South China Sea, and new marine industries start quickly in the areas of deep-sea oil and gas resources development and deep-sea natural gas hydrate exploitation. Therefore, it is urgent to develop domestic long-term in situ marine observation technology with independent intellectual property rights. In providing a reference for such endeavor, this paper reviews the international and domestic research progress in observation technology for pore pressure in seabed sediments, sought to summarize its core technologies and key application problems.

Key words: long-term in situ observation, pore pressure, marine sediments, geological disaster, marine engineering

中图分类号:

P715
P736.21

陈天, 贾永刚, 刘涛, 刘晓磊, 单红仙, 孙中强. 海底沉积物孔隙压力原位长期观测技术回顾和展望[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(5): 229-245.

CHEN Tian, JIA Yonggang, LIU Tao, LIU Xiaolei, SHAN Hongxian, SUN Zhongqiang. Long-term in situ observation of pore pressure in marine sediments: A review of technology development and future outlooks[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(5): 229-245.

图/表 9

参考文献 62

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设备名称	研发单位	总长度/m	传感器类型	测量量程/kPa	测量精度/kPa	工作水深/m	首次海试	数据来源
NGI-Illinois压差式孔隙压力观测系统 (NGI-Illinois Differential Piezometer Probe System)	挪威岩土工程研究所(NGI) 美国伊利诺伊大学(University of Illinois)	4.9	压差式	34~294	±6.2	500	1967年6月	文献[13]
NOAA孔隙压力观测探杆 (NOAA Piezometer)	美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)	17.12	绝对压力	689.5	±3.5	—	1975年9月	文献[23,25-26,30]
第二代NOAA孔隙压力观测探杆 (NOAA Piezometer II)	美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)	19.8	绝对压力	689.5	±3.5	—	1977年3月	文献[14-15,27,30]
第二代NOAA孔隙压力观测探杆 (NOAA Piezometer II)	美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)	19.8	压差式	137.9	±0.7	—	1977年3月	文献[14-15,27,30]
Lehigh孔隙压力观测探杆 (Lehigh Piezometer)	美国里海大学(Lehigh University)	7.3	绝对压力	344.7	±2.0	—	1975年9月	文献[15,28,31]
TAMU-USGS孔隙压力观测探杆 (TAMU-USGS Piezometer)	美国得克萨斯农工大学(Texas A&M University) 美国地质调查局(USGS)	约12.5	绝对压力	689.5	—	—	1976年12月	文献[28]
GISP孔隙压力观测探杆 (Geotechnical Instrumented Seafloor Probe)	美国桑迪亚国家实验室 (Sandia National Laboratories)	10.5	绝对压力	6200.0	—	450	1981年8月	文献[4,32]
牛津大学压差式孔隙压力观测探杆 (Oxford Differential Piezometer)	英国牛津大学(Oxford University)	约2.0	压差式	17.5	0.03	—	1971年	文献[4,34]
PUPPI孔隙压力观测探杆 (Pop Up Pore Pressure Instrument)	英国海洋科学研究所 (Institute of Oceanographic Sciences)	6	压差式	60	0.015	6 000	—	文献[35-38]
SAPPI孔隙压力观测探杆 (Satellite-linked Autonomous Pore Pressure Instrument)	德国不来梅大学(University of Bremen)	约4.7	压差式	—	—	—	2004年	文献[48]
P-lance孔隙压力观测探杆	德国不来梅大学(University of Bremen)	约4	压差式	—	0.01	—	—	文献[49-50]
Piezometer系列孔隙压力观测探杆	法国海洋开发研究院 (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea)	最大15	压差式	±200	±0.5	6 000	—	文献[16-17,52-54,57]
复杂深海工程地质原位长期观测设备SEEGeo (In-situ Surveying Equipment of Engineering Geology in Complex Deep Sea)	中国海洋大学	4	压差式	100	0.1	1 500	2016年	文献[10,19,21-22]
浅海海底沉积物孔隙压力监测探杆	自然资源部第一海洋研究所	4.2	绝对压力	—	—	—	—	文献[61-62]

设备名称	研发单位	总长度/m	传感器类型	测量量程/kPa	测量精度/kPa	工作水深/m	首次海试	数据来源
NGI-Illinois压差式孔隙压力观测系统 (NGI-Illinois Differential Piezometer Probe System)	挪威岩土工程研究所(NGI) 美国伊利诺伊大学(University of Illinois)	4.9	压差式	34~294	±6.2	500	1967年6月	文献[13]
NOAA孔隙压力观测探杆 (NOAA Piezometer)	美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)	17.12	绝对压力	689.5	±3.5	—	1975年9月	文献[23,25-26,30]
第二代NOAA孔隙压力观测探杆 (NOAA Piezometer II)	美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)	19.8	绝对压力	689.5	±3.5	—	1977年3月	文献[14-15,27,30]
第二代NOAA孔隙压力观测探杆 (NOAA Piezometer II)	美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)	19.8	压差式	137.9	±0.7	—	1977年3月	文献[14-15,27,30]
Lehigh孔隙压力观测探杆 (Lehigh Piezometer)	美国里海大学(Lehigh University)	7.3	绝对压力	344.7	±2.0	—	1975年9月	文献[15,28,31]
TAMU-USGS孔隙压力观测探杆 (TAMU-USGS Piezometer)	美国得克萨斯农工大学(Texas A&M University) 美国地质调查局(USGS)	约12.5	绝对压力	689.5	—	—	1976年12月	文献[28]
GISP孔隙压力观测探杆 (Geotechnical Instrumented Seafloor Probe)	美国桑迪亚国家实验室 (Sandia National Laboratories)	10.5	绝对压力	6200.0	—	450	1981年8月	文献[4,32]
牛津大学压差式孔隙压力观测探杆 (Oxford Differential Piezometer)	英国牛津大学(Oxford University)	约2.0	压差式	17.5	0.03	—	1971年	文献[4,34]
PUPPI孔隙压力观测探杆 (Pop Up Pore Pressure Instrument)	英国海洋科学研究所 (Institute of Oceanographic Sciences)	6	压差式	60	0.015	6 000	—	文献[35-38]
SAPPI孔隙压力观测探杆 (Satellite-linked Autonomous Pore Pressure Instrument)	德国不来梅大学(University of Bremen)	约4.7	压差式	—	—	—	2004年	文献[48]
P-lance孔隙压力观测探杆	德国不来梅大学(University of Bremen)	约4	压差式	—	0.01	—	—	文献[49-50]
Piezometer系列孔隙压力观测探杆	法国海洋开发研究院 (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea)	最大15	压差式	±200	±0.5	6 000	—	文献[16-17,52-54,57]
复杂深海工程地质原位长期观测设备SEEGeo (In-situ Surveying Equipment of Engineering Geology in Complex Deep Sea)	中国海洋大学	4	压差式	100	0.1	1 500	2016年	文献[10,19,21-22]
浅海海底沉积物孔隙压力监测探杆	自然资源部第一海洋研究所	4.2	绝对压力	—	—	—	—	文献[61-62]

海底沉积物孔隙压力原位长期观测技术回顾和展望

Long-term in situ observation of pore pressure in marine sediments: A review of technology development and future outlooks

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