斑岩型和浅成低温热液型矿床成矿流体与找矿预测研究:以华南若干典型矿床为例

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.3.12

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

斑岩型和浅成低温热液型矿床是全球铜、钼、金、银的主要来源之一,具有重要经济价值。这两类矿床之间通常存在紧密的时空关系,对其成矿流体性质和演化的解剖不仅有利于探究金属沉淀机制,也有助于揭示两者之间的内在成因联系。本文在综述国内外重要研究前沿基础上,以中国华南富家坞斑岩型铜钼(金)矿、桐村斑岩钼矿,以及邱村和安村浅成低温热液金矿为例,系统总结了斑岩型和浅成低温热液型矿床流体特征、演化规律和金属沉淀机制、探讨了从斑岩型到浅成低温热液型流体演化的“气相迁移”模型,并以福建紫金山铜金矿床为例,介绍了应用流体填图进行找矿预测的实例。

关键词: 斑岩矿床, 浅成低温热液矿床, 流体演化, 成矿机制, 找矿预测

Abstract:

Porphyry and epithermal deposits are the world’s most economically important resources for copper, molybdenum, gold, and silver. These two types of deposits are globally related in space and time. Hydrothermal fluid evolution is a critical process contributing to the mineralization in porphyry and epithermal deposits. The investigation for the properties and evolution of ore-forming fluids of porphyry and epithermal deposits is essential for exploring the process of metal precipitation, and it is also helpful in revealing the inherent genetic relationship between them. In this paper, we summarized the typical fluid inclusion characteristics, the standard fluid evolution process and metal precipitation mechanism in porphyry and epithermal metallogenic domains. The summary was based on literature review and case studies of the Fujiawu porphry type Cu-Mo (-Au) deposit, Tongcun Mo deposit, and the Qiucun and Ancun epithermal Au deposits. Furthermore, this paper also discusses the vapor transportation model of metal and fluids from the porphyry to the epithermal environment, and finally illustrates the application of large-scale fluid mapping as an exploration method using the Zijinshan Cu-Au deposit in Fujian as an example.

Key words: porphyry deposit, epithermal deposit, fluid evolution, metal precipitation mechanism, ore exploration

中图分类号:

P611.1
P612

倪培, 迟哲, 潘君屹. 斑岩型和浅成低温热液型矿床成矿流体与找矿预测研究:以华南若干典型矿床为例[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(2): 60-78.

NI Pei, CHI Zhe, PAN Junyi. An integrated investigation of ore-forming fluid evolution in porphyry and epithermal deposits and their implication on exploration[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(2): 60-78.

图/表 12

图1 斑岩矿床成矿流体演化模式与典型包裹体类型 a,c—中等-深就位岩体释放流体演化过程,在A点处初始流体为中等密度流体,演化到B点处进入两相区域发生流体沸腾;b,d—浅就位岩体释放流体演化过程,在A点处初始流体已经进入两相区域发生流体沸腾,在B点处低压条件下沸腾分离出密度更低的富气相端员和盐度更高的卤水端员;e—中等密度流体包裹体组合(来自Zijinshan);f—沸腾包裹体组合(来自Bingham);g—低压下沸腾包裹体组合(来自Rosia Poieni)。

Fig.1 The common fluid evolution paths in porphyry system and typical fluid inclusions

图2 富家坞矿区地质图(据文献[44])

Fig.2 The geological map of the Fujiawu porphyry Cu-Mo deposit. Adapted from [44].

图3 富家坞矿床典型矿化以及包裹体照片 a—石英-辉钼矿脉;b—石英-多金属脉;c—富气相包裹体;d—富气相包裹体与含子晶包裹体共生。

Fig.3 Photos of the typical ore specimen and fluid inclusions in the Fujiawu deposit

图4 桐村钼矿地质图及其L0勘探线剖面图(据文献[51]) a—桐村钼矿地质图;b—桐村钼矿L0勘探线剖面图。

Fig.4 Geological map of the Tongcun Mo deposit and its cross section along exploration line L0[51]. Adapted from [51].

图5 桐村钼矿石英-多金属脉的SEM-CL图像 a—粗晶石英-多金属脉的SEM-CL图像;b—石英多期次关系和辉钼矿沉淀位置;c-e—与辉钼矿沉淀密切伴生的富CO2气相和含CO2富液相包裹体组合。

Fig.5 SEM-CL image of quartz-polymetallic vein of the Tongcun Mo deposit

图6 邱村金矿矿床地质图(据文献[83])

Fig.6 The geological map of the Qiucun Au deposit. Adapted from [83].

图7 邱村矿床典型矿化以及包裹体照片 a—含金石英-黄铁矿脉,伴生伊利石化;b—含金石英-黄铁矿脉;c—富气相包裹体;d—富气相包裹体与富液相包裹体共生。Il=伊利石,Qtz=石英,Cha=玉髓,Py=黄铁矿。

Fig.7 Photos of the typical ore specimen and fluid inclusions in the Qiucun deposit

图8 安村金矿L0和L111勘探线剖面图(据文献[107])

Fig.8 Exploration L0 (A) and L111 (B) of the Ancun gold deposit. Adapted from [107].

图9 安村金矿典型包裹体照片 a,b—石英中具有一致气液比的富液相包裹体;c,d—闪锌矿中具有一致气液比的富液相包裹体。

Fig.9 Photomicrographs showing different types of fluid inclusions in quartz and sphalerite

图10 成矿流体由斑岩成矿域到浅成低温热液成矿域演化过程的p-T-x相图和原理图(据文献[9,10])

Fig.10 p-T-x evolution path of ore-forming fluids and schematic cross sections. Adapted from [9-10].

图11 紫金山铜金矿地质图(A)和3号勘探线剖面图(B)(据文献[32])

Fig.11 Geological map of the Zijinshan Cu-Au deposit (A), and cross section along the prospecting line No.3 (B). Adapted from [32].

图12 紫金山铜金矿垂向成矿流体温度-盐度变化图(据文献[32])

Fig.12 Projection plots of fluid temperature & salinity at the Zijinshan Cu-Au deposit. Adapted from [32].

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