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    2010, Volume 17 Issue 4
    01 July 2010
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    Spatialtemporal variation of the land surface temperature field and presentday tectonic activity.
    MA Jin, CHEN Shun-Yun, HU Xiao-Yan, LIU Pei-Xuan, LIU Li-Jiang
    2010, 17(4): 1-14. 
    Abstract ( 2301 )   PDF (4440KB) ( 1919 )  

    This study attempted to acquire information of tectonic activity in Western China from the data of the land surface temperature (LST) field. Based on the established relationship between heat and strain, we have analyzed the LST distribution in Western China using the satellite data product MODIS/Terra. The result shows that there are departures of annual changes of LST in some areas, which are associated with activity of some active tectonic zones. After removal of the annualchange background values caused by climatic factors, the longperiod component (LSTLOW) of the residual annual change(ΔT) of the LST can reveal better the tectonic activity, and serve as its indicator. It is found that one major earthquake can produce different effects on the LST fields of broad areas surrounding or even far away from the epicenter, characterized by rise or drop of temperature. For example, a most noticeable temperature decline associated with the Indonesia M 9 earthquake of 2004 appeared in the Bayan HarSongpan Block of the central Tibetan Plateau. On the other hand, the LST field of one area may have different responses to different major shocks in the regions surrounding China. For instance, the East Kunlun M 81 event has made the LST on the Longmenshan fault zone increase, whereas the Zaisangbo M 7.9 earthquake of 2003 and the Indonesia M 9 event of 2004 caused decrease of LST on the Longmenshan. The temporal variations of LST are different in different tectonic areas, which may provide clues for the study of tectonic deformation processes. In combination of data of ground temperature at varied depths, seismicity and GPS measurements, we have checked the information of tectonic activity derived from variations of the LST field, and discussed its implications to the models of regional tectonic deformation.

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    ChuanzhusiHuanglong strikeslip faults and a transpressional shear system in SongpanPingwu Area, Northwestern Sichuan, China.
    ZHANG Jia-Qing, HUANG Xiong-Na, NIU Xiang-Long, LIU Feng
    2010, 17(4): 15-32. 
    Abstract ( 1924 )   PDF (7693KB) ( 1579 )  

     Relics of faultage cliff in Carboniferous carbonate rocks are one of the distinct landforms resulted from neotectonic movement in the study area. Frictional traces and kinematic indicators on various fracture surfaces within the relics demonstrated that a nearly EW trending, left lateral strikeslip fault extending from Chuanzhusi in the west to Huanglong village in the east occurred since the MedioPleistocene. The recognized ChuanzhusiHuanglong strikeslip fault cut off an older SN trending Minjiang thrusting system, running eastwards, following and reworking the previous Xueshan Thrust Belt, and finally transforming itself into three alternating fault components: (1)growing into a group of NE trending shear bands at its northern side, (2)becoming interlayergliding at its front where the layering subparallel to the fault,and (3)transforming its movement sense to be an oblique down slip along a SN trending Huya thrust at its southern side. The geometry and kinematics of the ChuanzhusiHuanglong strikeslip fault and its regional tectonic relationships with the Minjiang and the Huya thrust system are in favor of a left lateral transform strikeslip fault system. The data derived from interpretation of satellite remote sensing images, the analysis of seismicity in 19702008 and the displacement vector field induced by GPS measurements that repeated four times since 1991 in the SongpanPingwu Area show that the ChuanzhusiHuanglong strikeslip fault system is an active transpressional shear belts developed following the eastern KunlunMinjiang transpressional shear fault system, and is one of the typical seismotectonic model in the northeastern corner of the QinghaiTibet Plateau, indicating the eastward escape of the Tibet Plateau materials.

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    A surrounding and deep dynamic context of the great triangleshaped seismic region in the eastern Asia continent.
    GAO Xiang-Lin, MA Xiao-Jing, LI Xiao-Li
    2010, 17(4): 33-42. 
    Abstract ( 1972 )   PDF (2226KB) ( 2122 )  

    In eastern Asia, there exists a huge triangleshaped tectonic region with extensive major earthquakes. Roughly, the Himalayan arc, PamirsAltaiBaikal, and 105°E are the three boundaries of this region which covers plateaus, mountains and intermountain basins. Within this triangle region, the fragmented crust is characterized by intensive tectonic motion and extensive deformation that occurred along boundaries between blocks as well as in blocks. Outside this region, the rigid massifs moved as a whole with little quakes and weak deformation. On a large tectonic scale, such a broad intraplate deformation region was originated from dynamic interactions between the India, Philippine SeaWest Pacific and Eurasia plates, as well as the impact of mantle flow at depth. The Indian subcontinent that was moving toward north at about 40 mm/a had plunged beneath Tibet, resulting in various motions and deformation along the Himalayan arc, which diffused over a long distance in the hinterland of Asia. Along 95°100°E the originally northward crustal motion turned to east and southeast, impeding the northward motion around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. At the western Himalayan syntaxis, the Pamirs continued to move into central Asia leading to crustal deformation and earthquakes which were largely accommodated by those old EW or NW trending faults in the bordering areas between China, Mongolia and Russia, and restricted by the stable land northwest of Tian ShanAltaiBaikal. The subduction of the Philippine and Pacific plates to the Eurasian continent had generated a very long and narrow seismic zone along trenches and islandarcs in the marginal seas, while posed a little horizontal compression on the Asian continent, thus unable to impede the eastward motion of eastern Asian continent. The partial reason for this is likely the impact of southeastward mantle flow beneath Eurasia on the subducting slabs; the southeastward mantle flow converged with the northward mantle flow from below India in central Tibet where they turned toward east and southeast, which is consistent with the pattern of surface movements observed by GPS.

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    Geomorphology of the Taohe River drainage system and its structural implications.
    WANG Yan, LIU Shao-Feng, GAO Meng-Xing, ZHANG Ting
    2010, 17(4): 43-49. 
    Abstract ( 2046 )   PDF (1305KB) ( 3235 )  

    In order to study the geomorphologic asymmetric characteristics of the Taohe River drainage basin and discuss the evolution of the Taohe River and the reason of the stream direction sharply changing at Minxian County, a DEM based topographic analysis of mountain belts has been done to extract much drainage and subbasin information and the drainage geomorphic parameters of the Taohe River. Taohe River drainage sub basins and longitudinal channel profiles of the main bedrock channels of different active orogens show that the southern and northern tributaries of the Taohe River are of obviously asymmetry. Almost all the parameters of the upstream northern and downstream eastern basins are smaller than those of the upstream southern and downstream western ones, respectively. And upstream basins are smooth, low relief and mature, which may have formed earlier than the downstream ones. The rapid uplift of the mountain range in the east of Minxian County interrupted the paleo Taohe River, and later on,  the river from the northeast cut through the West Qinling Fault zone by headwater erosion, and then captured the paleo Taohe River near Minxian County and formed the new Taohe River. The structural implications of the geomorphologic asymmetric characteristics of the Taohe River drainage basin for the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau within the Late Cenozoic have been discussed.

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    Research status of polygonal fault systems.
    BENG Gui-Dong, FU Xiao-Fei, HU Cai-Zhi
    2010, 17(4): 50-63. 
    Abstract ( 3815 )   PDF (3291KB) ( 7679 )  

    Polygonal fault systems have been identified in more than 50 sedimentary basins worldwide; they are defined as an array of layerbound extensional faults that exhibit a diverse range of fault strikes, partially or fully intersected to form a polygonal pattern in map view; the polygonal faults are widely developed in finegrained sediments that have typically undergone passive subsidence in passive margin basins and in some intracratonic basins. Those faults are always attributed to the nontectonic origin, and have been attributed to three genetic mechanisms: density inversion, syneresis and gravity loading. Compared with general normal fault, polygonal faults can be distinguished by layerbounding, polygonal figures and isotropic orientation of volumetric strain. Their common geometric characteristics are that the fault trace lengths are short, that the faults are planar or gently listric, and that the dips typically range from 30° to 70° (average 45°). Fault traces commonly are not orientated preferentially in any azimuth, and cut bedding surfaces in polygonal geometries. They are very favorable for the migration and accumulation of fluid and gas hydrate and for the geometry of reservoir sand body. Based on reviewing the observations that have published at home and abroad, we summarized the geometric characteristics and genetic mechanism of polygonal fault systems as well as their effects on fluid migration in China. We hope this work could offer a reference for the future study of the polygonal fault systems.

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    Development of the Bohai Bay Basin and destruction of the North China Craton.
    LI San-Zhong, SUO Yan-Hui, DAI Li-Meng, LIU Li-Ping, JIN Chong, LIU Xin, HAO Tian-Yao
    2010, 17(4): 64-89. 
    Abstract ( 4712 )   PDF (6980KB) ( 4658 )  

     The Bohai Bay Basin is a Mesozoic and Cenozoic basin located on the eastern block of the North China Craton. It is the central region of the destruction of the North China Craton. The architectures and structures of the Bohai Bay Basin recorded the structural processes of destruction of the craton in the MesoCenozoic. Combined the structures revealed by 3D seismic profiles across the Bohai Bay Basin in recent 10 years with geochemical results and MesoCenozoic structures around the Bohai Bay Basin in recent 20 years, we propose that during the destruction of the North China Craton, the shallow tectonism of the Bohai Bay Basin was the Mesozoic extrusion tectonics and the Cenozoic NWdirected crustal extension. The Cenozoic deepseated tectonism is the regional farfield eastern propagation of the western asthenosphere due to the IndiaEurasia plate collision accompanying with eastern jumping and backrolling of subduction zones of the Pacific Plate. The Mesozoic deepseated tectonisms are the local delamination and magma underplating.

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    Inversion structures in the northern continental margin of the South China Sea: Taking Lingao Uplift in the Yinggehai Basin and Qionghai Sag in the Pearl River Mouth Basin as examples.
    XU Zi-Yang, SUN Zhen, ZHANG Yun-Fan, ZHOU Di, JIANG Jian-Qun, FAN Gao
    2010, 17(4): 90-98. 
    Abstract ( 2365 )   PDF (1552KB) ( 1372 )  

    To reveal the geometry, evolution and timing of inversion structures on the northern continental margin of the South China Sea, we analyzed the inversion structures in Lingao Uplift of the Yinggehai Basin and Qionghai Sag of the Pearl River Mouth Basin through quantitative analytical methods. Growth index, displacementdistance curve and reversal rate of inversion structures are calculated in above two basins. The results suggested that the tectonic inversion in Lingao Uplift began in the EarlyOligocene, mainly developed from the LateOligocene to the Early Miocene, the inversion degree is moderate, and it belongs to fault inversion structures with cap upper part and normal lower part. Tectonic inversion in Qionghai Sag developed in the LateMiocene, the inversion is mild, and it belongs to folded inversion structures with convex upper part and concave lower part. The inversion structures in the two basins have good hydrocarbon potential in generation, storage, cover and the good relationship between time and space allocation, they are favorable traps for the oil and gas accumulation.

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    Stratigraphic impact of the IndoChina Movement and its related evolution of sedimentarybasin pattern of the late Triassic in the middleupper Yangtze Region, South China.
    MEI Mian-Xiang
    2010, 17(4): 99-111. 
    Abstract ( 2282 )   PDF (3064KB) ( 1314 )  

      The IndoChina movement occurred in the late Triassic led to the end of the Yangtze Platform that is characterized by a stable palaeogeographic element from the Edicaran to the end of the middle Triassic with deposition of shallowwater carbonates during much of this time. This geological event was genetically controlled by the extensively orogenic uplift and the strong southward crumpling of the NorthChina Plate. Together with the action of both the northward crumpling of the IndoChina Plate and the northwestward crumpling of the Huaxia Massif, a particular evolutionary succession of sedimentary basins from the residual marine basin to the continental molasse basin with the nature of the foreland basin was formed on the relatively stable base that is marked by the “Yangtze Platform”. Further, there was a parallelism in time between this particular succession of sedimentary basins and the forming and ending process of the foreland turbidity basin in the late Triassic on the Ruoergai Massif before the middle Triassic in the western part of Sichuan Province. Therefore, a systematic description on the stratigraphic impact of the IndoChina Movement and the evolutionary pattern of sedimentary basins of the late Triassic in the middleupper Yangtze Region can provide an important clue to peek the death of the PalaeoTethyan Sea, and also provide a thinking approach to resurvey a pseudomorph of the “Chuanxi Foreland Basin” that was genetically formed by the orogenic uplift of the Longmen Mountains orogenic belt, because the “Chuanxi Foreland Basin” has been used as the typical representation of the foreland basin for a long time.

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    Geological characteristics of unconformities in Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of North China Block and their tectonic implications.
    QU Yong-Jiang, MENG Qiang-Lin, MA Shou-Xian, LI Lin, WU Guo-Li
    2010, 17(4): 112-127. 
    Abstract ( 7355 )   PDF (3797KB) ( 19900 )  

    There exist several depositional breaks and unconformities in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern margin of the North China Block. We carried out a field study of geologic characteristics and spatial distribution of five unconformities, and concluded that they resulted from different geological processes. The unconformity beneath the Dahongyu Formation is interpreted as a breakup unconformity in nature, representing the timing of transition from continental rift to passive continental margin. The unconformities beneath the Gaoyuzhuang and Yangzhuang Formations are considered as the consequence of regional eustatic fluctuations, leading to exposure of highlands in passive margin during sealevel falls and transgressive deposition on coastal regions during sealevel rise. The unconformity atop the Tieling Formation might be caused by uplift due to contractional deformation in backarc setting, whereas the uplift after deposition of Xiamaling Formation might have been attributed to a continental collision event. It is assumed that the occurrences of the unconformities in the Mesoproterozoic successions in the northern North China Block had a close bearing on the assemblage and breakup of the Columbia and Rodinia supercontinents.

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    3D flexural numerical modeling of foreland basins: An example from the Upper Cretaceous across the Southwestern Wyoming.
    Hongjun Luo, Dag Nummedal, Shaofeng Liu
    2010, 17(4): 128-139. 
    Abstract ( 2158 )   PDF (10533KB) ( 2156 )  

    3D flexural numerical modeling of foreland basins provides a strong supportive tool to help predict 3D basin configuration and distribution of key structural elements, such as forebulges, which are very difficult to recognize  the subsurface due to its low amplitude and wide extent. To explain the forebulge migration observed from detailed stratigraphic correlation, 3D flexural modeling was applied for the Late Cretaceous foreland basin across the Southwestern Wyoming. An elastic lithosphere model was assumed, and detailed chronostratigraphy was used as fundamental framework input in the modeling. Flexural load was estimated from published cross sections across the Wyoming thrust belt and shortening rate of the Wind River thrust. Modeling results indicate that the forebulges were limited in their extent to only the southern part of the basin due to the distribution of the thrust loads. The forebulge shifted southeastward over time due to migration of this load. Because of the interaction of the Wyoming thrust belt and the Wind River Range, the elastic lithosphere formed a 3D “foredome” rather than a 2D “forebulge”. 3D flexural modeling is critical to the understanding of the Late Cretaceous forebulge migration across the Southwestern Wyoming.

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    Volumetric structural restorations based on mechanical constraints and its geological significance.
    GUAN Shu-Wei, Andreas Plesch, LI Ben-Liang, CHEN Zhu-Xin, HE De-Fa
    2010, 17(4): 140-151. 
    Abstract ( 2180 )   PDF (7552KB) ( 2209 )  

    三维构造恢复不仅可以验证构造解释在三维空间的一致性,也可用于计算构造内部的应变状态,确定构造位移变化路径及地层力学结构对构造生长过程的影响。在Gocad三维平台上综合遥感、地震和钻井等资料,建立准噶尔盆地南缘主要勘探目的层古近系古新统—始新统紫泥泉子组(E12z)的面模型和霍尔果斯深层背斜的体模型,并在体模型的三维域中设置剪切模量、拉梅常数以及岩层密度,以求真实反映实际地层力学结构。在此基础上利用基于Gocad平台开发的三维构造恢复插件对两者开展恢复试验。面模型恢复结果表明,准噶尔盆地南缘山前逆冲断层上盘的恢复应变椭球长轴多呈北西方向,与该位置天山山体和山前断裂带走向斜交,这一特征印证了晚新生代以来的斜向挤压作用。但在山前第二排背斜带东西300 km的范围内,恢复应变椭球长轴由霍尔果斯背斜处的近南北逐渐向东西两侧的北北东向和北西向过渡,揭示出深部隐伏断裂可能具有前陆地区典型的弧形冲断特征。体模型恢复结果表明,霍尔果斯深层背斜内部的应变状态与其所经历的运动学过程并没有显著的对应关系,恢复应变分布主要受相邻地层之间力学结构的差异控制,这就导致同一断块不同地层内部的应变状态具有不同的分布特征。在石油勘探开发领域,针对圈闭范围小尺度构造的恢复应变计算可用于构造裂缝性质、方位和分布的预测。

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    The thermal history reconstruction and hydrocarbon accumulation period discrimination of Gaoyou Depression in Subei Basin.
    LI Ru-Feng, CHEN Chi-Qiong, LI E-Jun, SONG Ning
    2010, 17(4): 151-159. 
    Abstract ( 2112 )   PDF (2357KB) ( 905 )  

    Based on the analysis of the vitrinite reflectance, apatite fission track and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, we carried out the paleotemperature gradient calculation and thermal history reconstruction, and then identified the paleotemperature gradient of main tectonic units of Gaoyou Depression. The calculations of the paleotemperature gradient gave the following results: (1) from the vitrinite reflectance: 356 ℃/km in the deep concave zone, 439 ℃/km in the west part of the north slope and 332 ℃/km in the east part of the north slope; (2) from the apatite fission track: 314 ℃/km in the deep concave zone, 393 ℃/km in the west part of the north slope and 50 ℃/km in the east part of the north slope; (3) from the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions: 29 ℃/km in the deep concave zone, 425 ℃/km in the west part of the north slope and 323 ℃/km in the east part of the north slope. Compared to the presentday geothermal gradient values, the paleogeothermal gradient was 07 ℃/km higher in the deep concave zone, 1015 ℃/km higher in the west part of the north slope and 421 ℃/km higher in the east part of the north slope. The comparative analysis showed that the difference of the ancient value and the present value of geothermal gradient is small in the deep concave zone and significant high in the slope zone. Through the comprehensive analysis of the buried historythermal history of typical singlewell and the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, we inferred that the accumulation period of the deep concave zone of Gaoyou Depression was between 4637 Ma and the accumulation period of the north slope was between 409375 Ma; the infill injection of the deep concave zone occurred earlier than that of the north slope. Then, it can be judged that the Sanduo period(E2s)was the main hydrocarbon accumulation period in Gaoyou Depression of the Subei Basin.

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    The influence of depositional facies on reservoir heterogeneities and flowing zone division in the 3rd Member of Lingshui Formation of Ya13-1 Gas Field in QDN Basin.
    LI Qing-Li, XU Xin-He, JIANG Beng, LI Mao, LI Mao-Wen, JIN Jian-Li, HUANG Guo-Zheng, HUANG Ru-Yin
    2010, 17(4): 160-166. 
    Abstract ( 2330 )   PDF (1144KB) ( 942 )  

    The depositional facies of the 3rd Member of Lingshui Formation is braided delta controlled by fluvial and tidal processes. Moreover, the main depositional microfacies of reservoir include distributary channel, subaqueous distributary channel, river mouth bar, distal bar and sheet sand, in which mouth bars reservoir properties are better than that of distributary channel and subaqueous distributary channel; meanwhile, the reservoir properties of distal bar and sheet sand are relatively poor. Furthermore, the reservoir rhythm characteristics of vertical flowing zone are dominated by channel coarsening upward and sand bars fining upward. The interlayers and intercalations in the gas field are related to the flooding surfaces of different scales. The interlayers are mainly prodelta shales which distribute widely; however, the intercalations are mainly subaqueous distributary bay shales whose development is restricted. Integrating the depositional microfacies distribution, the reservoir heterogeneity and the fault distribution, the gas field can be divided into two vast areas including six planar flowing zones. According to the depositional distribution, there are some good reservoirs in the second and third block of the south area in the gas field, but the prospect of gas bearing should be demonstrated further because those blocks are at the low parts of the gas field structure.

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    The influence of burial history on mudstone compaction.
    HE Xiao-Hu, LIU Shen, LIANG Quan-Qing, LI Dun-Liang, JI Yu
    2010, 17(4): 167-173. 
    Abstract ( 1636 )   PDF (838KB) ( 1134 )  

    The same stratum may reach the same embedding ending state through different burial traces. However, the preservation of porosity varies with each other, which highlights the influence of burial history. Based on the viscouselasticplastic stress strain model(Bingham model), we have rigorously deduced the functional relationship of porosity with burial depth and time. The essence of the porosity depending on burial depth and time is that the burial history of the stratum controls the variation degree of porosity. In order to fully testify this conclusion, we deduced the porosity function of burial time and depth for the four general types of subsiding basins, i.e., the accelerating, the constant speed, the decelerating and the early burial then standingstill type of basin. By comparison, it is concluded that the accelerating burial basin is the most favorable for the preservation of porosity, the decelerating burial basin is the worst for porosity preservation, and the constant speed burial basin is in the middle. This principle not only has been confirmed by the Beibuwan Basin and Zhujiangkou Basin in China, but also is statistically concordant with the porosity development in foreland basin, rift basin and craton basin that represent the three general types of basins mentioned above respectively.

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     Sequence stratigraphic classification and depositional filling analysis of lowrising slope belt in continental rift basin: A case study from the Paleogene strata in east slope of Chengdao.
    XIE Zong-Kui
    2010, 17(4): 174-184. 
    Abstract ( 2209 )   PDF (4470KB) ( 947 )  

     Lack of uniform sequence classification and welltoseismic sequence integration led to inaccuracy of depositional filling characterization and restricted forecasting reservoircaprock assemblages and oilgas distribution. Applying the concept of sedimentary sequence, using core, lithology, log and seismic data, and under the guidance of the principle of combining sequence boundaries with internal features, the author carried out the sequence division of the Paleogene strata in the east slope of Chengdao from the botlom to the top of the slope. The first order sequence is equivalent to a system strata unit, corresponding to tectonic movement, and the sequence boundary is a regional angular unconformity; the second order sequence is equivalent to a series or formation strata unit, corresponding to a tectonic phase in the tectonic movement, and the sequence boundary is a partial unconformity; the third order sequence is equivalent to a member or submember strata unit, corresponding to the secondary tectonic activity during the tectonic phase, and the sequence boundary includes unconformity, overlapping unconformity, transform surfaces of depositional systems and etched surface of gravity flow; the fourth order sequence(system tract)is equivalent to an oil set or a sand set, corresponding to third order sequence base level changes, and the sequence boundary is the first flooding surface and the maximum flooding surface. Six sequences, the SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4, SQ5 and SQ6, and 15 system tracts were identified. The wellseismic sequence stratigraphic framework, which combined the high vertical resolution of drilling data with the high lateral continuity of seismic data, could reveal the filling and evolution characteristics of sequence stratigraphic framework with highprecision and highresolution. And it could show the cyclicity of sequences and the distributional difference between the system tract and the sedimentary facies. The following events occurred in the east slope of Chengdao in the Paleogene: the planation of uplift; the padding of the slope and depression; the development of overlapping and draping formations; the change of paleotopography from the south being low to the north being low; the change of local source, neighbor source and regional source; and the stacking of multisource deposition systems. Along with these events, the depositional systems changed as follows: fan delta, turbidite fan, semideep lake,  slump turbidite fans, braided river delta, and meandering river floodplain. The sequence stratigraphy and depositional filling characteristics of lowrise slope belt in Paleogene Chengdao are typical for continental rift basin; thus, this study may give some help in solving the problem of insufficient application of sequence stratigraphic classification to oil industry and in forecasting reservoircaprock assemblages and oil distribution.

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    Orogenic extrusion tectonics and exhumation of high/ultrahighpressure rocks: A case study from the Dabie Orogen.
    LIU Xin, LI San-Zhong, SUO Yan-Hui, ZHOU Jun-Ta, JIAO Qian, XU Lei, DIAO
    2010, 17(4): 185-196. 
    Abstract ( 2479 )   PDF (1816KB) ( 1167 )  

    Orogenic extrusion tectonics is referred to a process that faultbounded deepseated metamorphic complexes returned and deformed under orogenic vertical and/or lateral stress. The previous researches generally focused on geometry and deformation style of extrusion blocks, bounding faults, paths of extrusion and dynamics, the purpose of which was to try to explain the exhumation of deepseated metamorphic complexes in an orogen. Based on the relationship between the movement direction of extrusion block and the strike of orogenic belt, the orogenic extrusion tectonics are divided into seven endmember types (type Ⅰtype Ⅶ) in threedimensional spherical coordinate system, LxLyLz. Lx represents the strike of an orogen or a subduction zone, and Ly is horizontal and perpendicular to Lx, and Lz is perpendicular to a plane composed by Lx and Ly. The combination of these endmembers and transition types can provide a detailed interpretation of extrusion of the Dabie high/ultrahighpressure rocks. Eclogitefacies extrusion ranges from  type  Ⅳ to  type  Ⅶ extrusion, and amphibolitefacies extrusion varies from  type Ⅱ to  type Ⅵ extrusion, which probably indicates that there was possibility of channel flow during this stage. And  type Ⅴ extrusion could be suitable for greenschistfacies extrusion in the Dabie Orogen.

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    Tectonic style and deformation analysis of Shangdan fault belt in Qinling Orogen.
    LI Jia-Hao, SONG Chuan-Zhong, LIN Sheng-Lian, CHU Wen-Chuan, ZHANG Huan, ZHANG Gao-Ran
    2010, 17(4): 197-205. 
    Abstract ( 4427 )   PDF (2374KB) ( 4075 )  

    The Shangdan fault belt as the suture zone of the Yangtze Plate and the North China Plate occupies a significant position in the Qinling Orogen. To study the finestructure of the Shangdan fault belt is a key step in understanding the interaction process of the Yangtze Plate and the North China Plate. The study was implemented at the eastern section of the Shangdan fault belt, in which we carried out the detailed field survey, microstructure analysis, the estimation of temperature of deformed rocks, the finite strain measurement, the calculation of differential stress and the calculation of kinematic vorticity during the mylonitization. The temperature and pressure of the deformation suggested that the mylonites formed in the middlehigh greenschist facies to low amphibolite facies metamorphic conditions. The differential stress indicated that the Shangdan fault belt is a structure belt with largescale dynamic characteristics. The kinematic vorticity suggested that the deformation was mainly the pure shear with the component of simple shear, which proved the boundary between the Yangtze Plate and the North China Plate was an oblique convergence boundary mainly characterized by compression.

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    Redefining the Sichuan Movement and the age and background of Qingzang Plateaus first uplift: The implication of Huangling anticline and its enlightenment.
    GE Xiao-Gong, WANG Min-Pei, LIU Dun-Lai
    2010, 17(4): 206-217. 
    Abstract ( 2527 )   PDF (5888KB) ( 1181 )  

     Although the folding of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic in South China has hitherto ascribed to the results of Yanshanian tectonic stage in the Late Mesozoic, we argue that there were three stages of deformation, an early and a late compression, and an extension  between them, based on the observations of outcrops of the Huangling anticline, the analysis of the specific geology map, the seismic crosssection and stratigraphic column of Jianghan Basin and Qianjiang depression, and the summarization of the existing data. The Huangling anticline was formed primarily due to the tectonic deformation before the Early Cretaceous in the Early Indosinian and Late Yanshanian tectonic stage. Extensional uplifting and exhumation of metamorphic core complexes dominated the deformation in the Late Cretaceous. There was a final compressive folding at about 24.6 Ma, in the middle stage of Himalayan movement. The “Sichuan movement” that eventually formed the NNE trending compressive fold and nappethrust tectonics in South China was the results of the Himalayan tectonic event between the Oligocene and the Miocene, rather than the Sichuan movement in the Late Yanshanian of the Late Cretaceous proposed by Tan Xichou and Li Chunyu based on evidences recognized at that time. In that period, the Pacific Plate changed its direction of subduction between the middle Eocene and the Oligocene, from NWN before 4336 Ma to NWW. A NWWSEE oriented compressive stress field was formed in Eastern China including the Yangtze and South China plates, which resulted in the occurrence of NEN trending fold and nappethruststructures and the homologous basinmountain landforms in a vast area in eastern China from South to Northeast China. Correspondingly, the tectonic movement resulted in the basinrange landforms and coincided with the outline of Neocathaysian tectonic system raised by Lee Siguang in early days. In the Miocene, the ridge of Indian Ocean spread very fast, and then led the IndianAustralian Plate subducting to NNE, which formed the initial QingzangMinyue Plateau with NWW trending. The Huangling anticline was a tectonic knot of the initial QingzangMinyue Plateau and those basins and mountains belong to Neocathaysian tectonic system, so it has the features of two sides. It went through the uplift and denudation during the Miocene and the Pliocene, and the tectonic landforms of basinmountain nowadays were caused by intensive uplifting during the Late Pliocene and the Early Pleistocene (360.8 Ma).

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     Geochemical characteristics of the orebearing strata metasedimentary host rocks in the Lala copper deposit, Sichuan Province.
    HE De-Feng, ZHONG Hong, SHU Wei-Guang, XIAO Fang
    2010, 17(4): 218-226. 
    Abstract ( 2225 )   PDF (1955KB) ( 1078 )  

     Geochemical study of metasedimentary rocks in the Lala copper deposit was conducted to better constrain their provenance, chemical weathering condition and tectonic environment. These rocks have relatively low CIA values (4465) and K2O/Al2O3 values (002043) with high ICV values (144511), suggesting that they underwent relatively weak chemical weathering and were derived from an immature source with minor clay minerals and alkali feldspar. Compared to PAAS, the samples mostly have relatively lower large ion lithophile element (LILE) contents (Cs, Rb), lower transitional element contents (V, Cr, Zn) and relatively higher high field strength elements (HFSE) contents (Y, U, Zr, Hf, Nb, Sc). The rightslope REE ((La/Yb)n(av)=257) pattern, low Cr/Zr (001042) and Th/Sc (037114) ratios, and Sm and Nd isotopic characteristics, indicate that these rocks were deposited in a continental back arc environment and derived from a felsicdominated provenance. Furthermore, in combination with the results of tectonic setting discrimination of sodic metavolcanic rocks, we conclude that the Lala copper deposit may also have been formed in a continental back arc environment.

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    Characteristics of oreforming fluids and O, H, S isotopic geochemistry of the gold deposits in the Kalamaili Area, Xinjiang, China.
    XU Bin, LU Pan-Meng, GU Xue-Xiang, ZHANG Wen-Zhong
    2010, 17(4): 227-240. 
    Abstract ( 4671 )   PDF (2097KB) ( 3754 )  

    The Kalamaili gold belt is located at the north margin of the Junggar Basin and includes the area to the south of ArmantaiBeitashan. As an important gold and polymetallic ore belt in Xinjiang, it belongs to the KalamailiMoqinwula mineralization belt (IVgrade metallogenic belt) of the KalamailiDaerbute gold metallogenic belt (IIIgrade metallogenic belt). The study of fluid inclusions of the Shuangquan, Nanmingshui, Sujiquan and other gold deposits in the Kalamaili belt indicates that the oreforming fluid during the major stage of mineralization was a COHNS system, with medium to low temperature (200230 ℃) and low salinity (3.55%4.5%). The study of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes suggests that the oreforming fluid of the Kubusu gold deposit was mainly derived from magmatic water, while metamorphic water dominated in the other gold deposits of the belt. Sulfur isotopic geochemistry indicates that the sulfur in the Shuangquan and Nanmingshui gold deposits was mainly from metamorphic wall rock, though partial sulfur may have been contributed by magma. In the Jinshangou and Liushuquan gold deposits, the sulfur was mainly derived from magma and the mineralization may have been associated with volcanic to subvolcanic activity.

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     Research of oil and gas exploration method accurately in the area of middlehigh exploration level in the continental basin.
    LUO Jia-Jiang, TUN Chao-Dong
    2010, 17(4): 253-261. 
    Abstract ( 2472 )   PDF (2015KB) ( 951 )  

    The petroleum exploration technologies that are concisely expressed as “revealing oil generation first and then selecting zone for exploration”, “rolling exploration and development” etc., made an important contribution to the development of our countrys petroleum industry, but they are not aimed at the direct target of petroleum exploration—the oilgas reservoir. On the guide of the principle of “main migration path controlling hydrocarbon” and on the basis of the abovementioned exploration technologies, and of the earnest research on the complicated mechanism of oilgas reservoir and main controlling factors, the authors put forward a fairnew petroleum exploration method—the method of accurately exploring oil and gas, in the light of the characteristics of oilgas exploration in the area of middlehigh exploration level in the continental basin. The method describes the geometrical shape and space distribution states of the main migration path of petroleum, traces out the oilgas moving tracks, makes sure that the best vantage point of petroleum gathering together be determined in the manner of “tracking down the target (the oilgas reservoir) by following clues (the main migration path of petroleum)”, and drills the best of all targets—the oilgas reservoir. The method of accurately exploring oil and gas is investigated in this paper in a relatively systematic manner, and the content of the main research method, the work process and the maps of results are proposed. The risk of petroleum exploration can be minimized, and the benefit of petroleum exploration can be raised to the utmost by this method.

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    Soil heavy metal sources identification and associated risk assessment using multivariate statistical and Fourier spectral analysis. 
    LI Yong, ZHOU Yong-Zhang, DOU Lei, DU Hai-Yan, LAI Qi-Hong, LIN Xiao-Meng, FAN Rui, DU Min
    2010, 17(4): 253-261. 
    Abstract ( 2100 )   PDF (1304KB) ( 1284 )  

    In the Shunde Area of Foshan, Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, 208 topsoil samples were collected from vegetable fields to measure the contents of copper, nickel, chromium, arsenic, lead, zinc, cadmium, and mercury. The results showed that the average concentration of all these eight heavy metals were higher than their background values of Guangdong Province. Coefficients of variation of Cd and Hg reached as high as 115% and 151% respectively, coupling with high concentrations, which suggested anthropogenic sources of these elements. Cr, Ni and Cu displayed low coefficients of variation, thus suggesting a major natural source. The combination of multivariate statistical and Fourier spectral analysis methods successfully identified the elements Pb, Zn, As, Cd and Hg from anthropogenic sources and Cr, Ni and Cu from natural source. Furthermore, Fourier spectral analysis not only interpreted the double sources of Zn and Cu, but also inferred that atmosphere deposition could be an important source of Hg enrichment in soil. According to the pollution evaluation, 217 percent of the study area is suffered from moderate and severe pollution, indicating the requirement of modifications in agricultural cultivation practices in these areas.

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    Chromatographic separation of Cu and Zn from environmental samples for determination of isotopic composition by MC-ICP-MS.
    LIANG Chi-Chi, LIU Cong-Jiang, WANG Zhong-Liang, SHU Xiang-Kun, SONG Liu-Ting, LI Jin, TANG Suo-Han
    2010, 17(4): 262-269. 
    Abstract ( 2573 )   PDF (1002KB) ( 919 )  

    The factors influencing chromatographic separation of Cu and Zn from environmental samples (sediment, plant and suspended particulate material), such as resin column, elution volume, salinity and separation times were experimentally studied, and the optimal conditions of separating Cu and Zn from environmental samples were decided. AG MP1 resin (100200 mesh) was used as anion exchange resin and 7 mol/L HCl + 0.001% H2O2, 2 mol/L HCl+ 0.001% H2O2, 0.5 mol/L HNO3 were used as eluants, and then the eluants were collected at fitting volume respectively. This procedure can separate Cu and Zn effectively from sediment, plant, and suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples, the yield of which is close to 100%, and the isotope fractionation during which is small enough to be neglected. This method was successfully applied to the separation of Cu and Zn from the sediment, plant and suspended particulate materials in Hongfeng and Aha Lakes, and the δ65Cu and δ66Zn values of those samples were measured exactly by MCICPMS.

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    Quantitative evaluation of crude oil composition changes caused by strong gas washing: A case study of natural gas pool in Kuqa Depression. 
    ZHANG Bin, HUANG Ling, TUN Yang, WANG Hui, CUI Ji
    2010, 17(4): 270-279. 
    Abstract ( 2023 )   PDF (1633KB) ( 906 )  

    The natural gas is the main product in Kuqa Depression, while there is a small amount of crude oil. Gas charged into reservoir later than oil, and the oil pools formed in early stage tended to be transformed by natural gas injected in later stage. In order to evaluate gas injection intensity quantitatively,it is very important that the crude oil composition changes are calculated, which can provide direct evidence. For crude oils undergo no gaswashing, the logarithm of molar concentration of nalkanes have a linear relationship with the corresponding carbon number, while gaswashing can make oil components changed. During this process, some hydrocarbon components dissolve in dry gas, and migrate forward with the natural gas. The light nalkanes are prone to dissolve in gas, thus the light fraction of nalkanes reduces significantly in original reservoirs. Based on this theoretical foundation, the quantitative calculation model of nalkanes loss was established. The results showed that the crude oil in Kela2 Structural Belt had the highest level of nalkanes loss, with an average of 70%. The crude oil in Dabei Structural Belt had different degrees of nalkanes loss, resulted from the fault blocks in this region. Gaswashing made nalkanes reduced in crude oil, while other compounds dissolved little in natural gas, such as diamondoids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and could be concentrated and enriched, leading to their relative contents increased greatly in original reservoirs. The content of light aromatic hydrocarbons would also increase, resulting in aromaticity increasing and paraffinity reducing. Based on the simulation experiment, we preliminarily estimated the degree of gas washing, and it was showed that the crude oil in Kela2 Structural Belt underwent the strongest gaswashing, 25 times stronger than in other belts.

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    A study of the metallogenic prognosis for the periphery of Jiama copperpolymetallic ore, Tibet based on the RS method.
    GUO Na, CHEN Jian-Beng, TANG Ju-Xin, GUO Ke
    2010, 17(4): 280-289. 
    Abstract ( 2447 )   PDF (3188KB) ( 1147 )  

    After one year prospecting work at Jiama copperpolymetallic ore area, we found that the industrial orebodies spread well into the periphery of Jiama with great prospecting potential. In order to verify whether the peripheral area has mineralized and to provide the foundation for further exploration, we applied the remote sensing technique to the metallogenic prognosis of the ore district and peripheral belt. The ETM+ and image were used to conduct the principal component analysis, ratio analysis, and MNF transformation, and by means of Munsell transformation, the HLS image was built up. Based on the fact that the Fe3+, Si and OH- displayed high brightness reflection during the image deciphering process, we set the threshold value and extracted the remote sensing metallization data. The deciphering results were coincident with the alterations and the lithological characteristics information extracted from deciphering the IKONOS images of mining areas, which demonstrated the correctness of the information extracted from the ETM+ and image and suggested the feasibility of using ETM+ and image to extract the relevant mineralization data in Jiama and its periphery. By introducing ETM+ and image TM6 wave band and combined with 746 false color image, the tectonic information was deciphered. Synthesizing the tectonic, alteration, and geological research results and using GIS method to conduct layering extraction of information and superimposing analysis, we delineated six perspective ore prospecting areas. These areas are mainly located on the surroundings and north of the Jiama mining area, where are the key places for ore prospecting. At present, except the Jiama and Qulong areas, most places of this region have had only low level exploration. However, by extracting various mineralization data both from ETM+ and image, and IKONOS image with high spatial resolution, and  by making their comparison, we confirmed that the delineation of the perspective ore prospecting areas is objective and correct. In addition, this study may guide the practice of areal prospecting in periphery of Jiama and  Gangdese metallogenetic belt.

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    A study of microarea compositional characteristics and the evolution of cherts from BafangshanErlihe PbZn ore deposit in Western Qinling Orogen.
    LI Gong-Zhong, ZHOU Yong-Zhang, YANG Zhi-Jun, HE Dun-Guo, MA Tie-Wu, LV Wen-Chao
    2010, 17(4): 290-303. 
    Abstract ( 2333 )   PDF (2202KB) ( 1053 )  

    Chert, mainly composed of silica, are widely and stably distributed in the orogenic area.  The results of Raman and SEMEDS analyses of cherts indicate that the microfabric information of chert from the BafangshanErlihe PbZn ore deposit can be used to study the reconstruction of orogeny, of metallogenesis and of recrystallization. The SEM analysis show that the quartz grains in cherts are tiny and closely packed, which is in accordance with the characteristics of high nucleation rate of hydrothermal sedimentation. Despite of the high stability, the recrystallization of the quartz can be clearly proved by the Raman analysis showing that the FWHM value of the characteristic peak (463 cm-1) of quartz after the Gaussian Fitting decreases from the rim to the core of the quartz grain, which indicates the increasing of crystallinity towards the core caused by the recrystallization of the quartz grain. For the quartz grains that were in contact with the carbonate vein, the crystallization degree of the quartz is increasing from the inner to the rim of the grain, implying that the quartz grains had been affected by the upper fluids. This is also supported by the SEM analysis showing that there are floccules at the interface between quartz and carbonate mineral. Some carbonate minerals were broken up and deformed under the stress during the orogenic activities, resulting in the fissures and holes filled up with metal sulphides. Under SEM, it can be seen that metal sulphides are distributed in the fissures and holes with linear and disseminated structures. In addition, in the interpenetration of different veins, there existed multiple stages of fluids evolution, which is similar to that in the Eastern Qinling orogen, with the order of carbonate (ankerite) fluids→metal sulphides fluids→siliceouscarbonate(calcite) fluids.

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