Economic feasibility and efficiency enhancement approaches for in situ upgrading of low-maturity organic-rich shale from an energy consumption ratio perspective

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.8.33-en

Abstract

LU Shuangfang, WANG Jun, LI Wenbiao, CAO Yixin, CHEN Fangwen, LI Jijun, XUE Haitao, WANG Min. Economic feasibility and efficiency enhancement approaches for in situ upgrading of low-maturity organic-rich shale from an energy consumption ratio perspective[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(1): 281-295.

Figures/Tables 14

References 55

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Molecular formula and bond type	Number of bonds
Molecular formula and bond type	Source kerogen	Residual kerogen	Light oil molecule
Molecular formula	C₁₄₃₉H₂₃₆₀O_86.3N_4.3S_1.4	C₃₀₅H₂₅₃O₄N_0.92S_0.92	C₈H_15.4O_0.026N_0.03S_0.015
C-C	1251	109	5.975
Benzene-C	40	20
C=C	4		0.7
C-C triple bond			0.3
Aromatics	96	42
C-N	12	2	0.03
C-O	263	8	0.03
C=O	78		0.01
C-S	2	2	0.0015
Phenolic hydroxyl C-O	20
C-H	1770	210	15.32
Benzene-H	80	42
N-H		1	0.06
Disulfide bond	1
O-H	65		0.01
S-H			0.0015
Phenol hydroxyl O-H	20
Total molecular bond energy (kJ/mol)	1604190.18	241314.86	9120.35

Molecular formula and bond type	Number of bonds
Molecular formula and bond type	Source kerogen	Residual kerogen	Light oil molecule
Molecular formula	C₁₄₃₉H₂₃₆₀O_86.3N_4.3S_1.4	C₃₀₅H₂₅₃O₄N_0.92S_0.92	C₈H_15.4O_0.026N_0.03S_0.015
C-C	1251	109	5.975
Benzene-C	40	20
C=C	4		0.7
C-C triple bond			0.3
Aromatics	96	42
C-N	12	2	0.03
C-O	263	8	0.03
C=O	78		0.01
C-S	2	2	0.0015
Phenolic hydroxyl C-O	20
C-H	1770	210	15.32
Benzene-H	80	42
N-H		1	0.06
Disulfide bond	1
O-H	65		0.01
S-H			0.0015
Phenol hydroxyl O-H	20
Total molecular bond energy (kJ/mol)	1604190.18	241314.86	9120.35

Molecule type	Proportion(%)	Number of C-C	Number of C-H	Total molecular bond energy (kJ/mol)
Methane	70		4	1652.60
Ethane	20	1	6	2816.38
Propane	7	2	8	3980.16
Butane	2	3	10	5143.94
Pentane	1	4	12	6307.72
Total molecular bond energy of wet gas (kJ/mol)				2164.66

Molecule type	Proportion(%)	Number of C-C	Number of C-H	Total molecular bond energy (kJ/mol)
Methane	70		4	1652.60
Ethane	20	1	6	2816.38
Propane	7	2	8	3980.16
Butane	2	3	10	5143.94
Pentane	1	4	12	6307.72
Total molecular bond energy of wet gas (kJ/mol)				2164.66

Bond type	Carbon dioxide	Oxygen	Nitrogen
O=O		1
C=O	2
N-N triple bond			1
Total molecular bond energy (kJ/mol)	1448.38	498.00	946

Economic feasibility and efficiency enhancement approaches for in situ upgrading of low-maturity organic-rich shale from an energy consumption ratio perspective

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Figures/Tables 14

References 55

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Bond type	Dissociation energy (kJ/mol)
C-C	337.48
Benzene-C	380.62
C=C	614.5
C-C triple bond	962.7
Aromatics	2060
C-N	292
C-O	349.58
C=O	723.87
C-S	272
Phenolic hydroxyl C-O	427.6
C-H	413.15
Benzene-H	460
N-H	391
Disulfide bond	268
O-H	463
S-H	339
Phenol hydroxyl O-H	356

Model parameter	Parameter value	Model parameter	Parameter value
Shale/sandstone length (m)	Sufficient	Shale thermal conductivity (W/(m·K))	1.0-2.4 (1.21)
Shale thickness (m)	30	Surrounding rock thermal conductivity (W/(m·K))	2.1-3.5 (3)
Sandstone thickness (m)	500	Shale specific heat (J/(kg·K))	1100-2000 (1141)
Wellbore radius (m)	0.02/0.05/0.1/0.2/0.5	Specific heat of surrounding rock (J/(kg·K))	762-1071.8 (890)
Well spacing (m)	5/10/15/20/25	Shale density (kg/m³)	2100-2800 (2450)
Burial depth of the bottom of shale layer (m)	1800	Density of surrounding rock (kg/m³)	1800-2800 (2470)
Ground surface temperature (℃)	20	Heating well temperature (℃)	500/600/700/800/900
TOC (%)	1-20 (5)	Production well temperature (℃)	200/250/300/350/400
HI (mgHC/gTOC)	800	Geothermal gradient (℃/m)	0.033