Paleoseismic investigation of the recurrence behavior of large earthquakes on active faults

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.9.8

Abstract

Abstract:

Paleoseismology is a subdiciplinary study closely linked to active tectonics, earthquake geology, and tectonic geomorphology. It is field-based, aiming to reconstruct the location, time, and magnitude of paleoseismic events through the detailed documentation of the deformations caused by the events. Paleoseismic studies utilize the methods and means commonly used in the study of sedimentary stratigraphy, geomorphology, and structural geology to identify the evidence of prehistoric strong earthquakes preserved in well-dated Quaternary deposits. The instrumental record of earthquakes is much shorter than their return time on faults. Paleoseismology thus extends the record, providing fundamental data constraints on the spatio-temporal repetition of earthquake ruptures on faults, and facilitates the evaluation of the probability of earthquakes and their hazards. In this paper, we review the history, frontier research results, and future directions of the field. We first introduce the principle of paleoseismology, the history of its developments in the world and in China, and the basic methods used in paleoseismic research. We then summarize recent progress and frontiers in paleoseismic research, including developing new trenching techniques, quantifying the robustness of evidence in event identification, revealing the pattern of paleo-earthquake recurrence and coseismic displacement, and exploring shaking-related effects such as paleo-liquefaction and paleo-landslides. Finally, we briefly outline some future trends in paleoseismology. In future, we should further strengthen the application of quantitative evaluation of the uncertainty in event identification, continuously explore new dating techniques, and experiment with paleoseismology in virtual reality settings. In China, especially in North China where there is a long and precious historical record of earthquakes, innovative approaches combining historical accounts of shaking-related damages and field trenching will be fruitful.

Key words: paleoseismology, trenching, paleoseismic event, recurrence interval, coseismic offset, dating methods

CLC Number:

P315.2
P597

LIU Jing, YUAN Zhaode, XU Yueren, SHAO Yanxiu, WANG Peng, XU Jing, LIN Zhou, HAN Longfei. Paleoseismic investigation of the recurrence behavior of large earthquakes on active faults[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(2): 211-231.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig.1 Combined trenches for the purpose of exposing coseismic displacement

Fig.2 Trenching tools

Fig.3 Paleoseismic identification marks of strike-slip faults. Adapted from [68].

Fig.4 The internally draining Salt Lake pull-apart basin on the Haiyuan fault. Adapted from [42].

Fig.5 Large trench on the west side of the Wuzunxiaoer Lake along the Altyn Tagh fault

Table 1 Criteria for grading evidence of palaeoseismic events. Adapted from [65].

等级	具体标准
0	地层分辨率较低造成断层上断点具体位置无法判别。
1	断层产生微小位错。上覆地层厚度变化轻微,可能反映了简单的自然沉积厚度变化,而不是地震产生的负地形引起的厚度变化。
2	断层产生中等位错。褶皱幅度小,褶皱层位上覆地层厚度变化适中。
3	上断点位置清晰,断层位错中等。褶皱作用以及褶皱层位上覆地层厚度变化明显,但是褶皱层位之下缺少明确的致因断层或褶皱层位难以准确限定。
4	上断点上覆崩积楔或其他地层厚度变化。褶皱作用明显,且褶皱层位上覆地层厚度划分很大,而且与断层的错动有关。
5	裂缝充填,且充填沉积物是事件层位之后沉积的。能够指示单次沉积事件快速沉积而形成的生长地层,且褶皱和生长地层有致因断层。

Fig.6 Combined plot of event indicator quality and number at the Frazier Mountain site along the San Andreas Fault. Adapted from [65].

Fig.7 Schematic diagrams of three earthquake recurrence models. Adapted from [2].

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of the mechanism of sand liquefaction. Adapted from [119].

Fig.9 A precariously balanced rock after the remnant of erosion, in Nevada, US. Adapted from [138].

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