Geological features and formation mechanism of pegmatite-type rare-metal deposits in the Renli orefield, northern Hunan, China—an overview

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.5.24

Abstract

Abstract:

The Renli orefield in northern Hunan is a newly discovered pegmatite Li-Ta-Nb orefield in eastern China. It is located in the middle Jiangnan orogenic belt and consists mainly the Renli Nb-Ta-Be deposit, Yongxiang-Chuanziyuan Li-Be-Nb-Ta deposit and Huangbaishan Li-Be-Nb-Ta deposit. Pegmatite dikes in the northern orefield distribute along the southwestern margin of the Mufushan complex, forming distinct pegmatite zonation. Outwards from the complex, the pegmatite types are divided into microcline, microcline albite, albite and albite spodumene. Among the pegmatite dikes, Renli No.5 is the largest Nb-Ta ore body, which exhibits two-stage magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization characteristics; Yongxiang-Chuanziyuan No.206 is the largest spodumene dike in the area, where spodumene occurs mostly as pseudomorph due to strong late-stage metasomatism; and Huangbaishan No.603 is a newly discovered spodumene dike characterized by high-grade Li₂O and weak metasomatism. Hydrothermal fluid played an important role in the rare-metal mineralization of Renli No.5, which is evidenced by the occurrence of quartz-hosted fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusion microthermometry reveals the Renli No.5 core formed at ~550 ℃ and ~350 MPa. According to existing data, the Renli orefield formed during the Yanshanian intracontinental orogeny (~130 Ma). The data show that during intracontinental orogeny granitic melts formed from basement rocks, i.e. the anatexis of the Neoproterozoic Lengjiaxi Group; then during multi-stage granitoid intrusion the late-stage two-mica granitic melts fractionated into pegmatite-forming melt; finally the hydrothermal metasomatism resulted in Nb and Ta enrichment and Li depletion in pegmatites. Thus, rare-metal mineralization in pegmatites in the Renli orefield can be characterized by metapelite anatexis during intracontinental orogeny, granitic magma differentiation, and two-stage magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization.

Key words: rare-metal pegmatite, Renli orefield, Mufushan granitic complex, intracontinental orogeny, hydrothermal mineralization

CLC Number:

LI Jiankang, LI Peng, HUANG Zhibiao, ZHOU Fangchun, ZHANG Liping, HUANG Xiaoqiang. Geological features and formation mechanism of pegmatite-type rare-metal deposits in the Renli orefield, northern Hunan, China—an overview[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(5): 1-25.

Figures/Tables 20

References 82

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伟晶岩特征	微斜长石伟晶岩(Ⅰ)	微斜长石-钠长石伟晶岩(Ⅱ)	钠长石伟晶岩(Ⅲ)	锂辉石-钠长石伟晶岩(Ⅳ)
相对于幕阜山杂岩体的位置	内接触带	距岩体0~2.5 km	距岩体2.5~3.0 km	距岩体>3.0 km
伟晶岩规模	中	大	中	大
伟晶岩形态	膨胀收缩状	分枝复合	不规则	不规则
伟晶岩产状	变化复杂或透镜状	似层状,产状较稳定	似层状,产状较稳定	似层状,产状较稳定
结构、构造	以原生熔体结晶结构为主,局部有钠长石化	原生熔体结晶结构及交代结构,钠长石化、白云母化较强烈	以交代残余结构为主,残留原生结构,钠长石化、白云母化强烈	以交代残余结构为主,残留原生结构
主要造岩矿物	微斜长石为主,石英、钠长石次之	钠长石、微斜长石为主,石英次之	钠长石为主,微斜长石、石英次之	钠长石、锂辉石为主,微斜长石、石英次之
矿种组合	铍	铍、铌钽	铌钽	铌钽、锂
交代作用	弱	中	强	强
主要稀有矿物特征	铌铁矿呈黑色板状、针状;绿柱石呈蓝色短柱状	铌-钽铁矿为黑色,板状、粒状、针状、片状;绿柱石为蓝色或浅绿色,粗粒长柱状	铌-钽铁矿为褐色,块状、粒状、针状;绿柱石呈淡绿色细粒长柱状	铌-钽铁矿为棕褐或褐色,针状、粒状;绿柱石呈淡黄色,细粒长柱状

伟晶岩特征	微斜长石伟晶岩(Ⅰ)	微斜长石-钠长石伟晶岩(Ⅱ)	钠长石伟晶岩(Ⅲ)	锂辉石-钠长石伟晶岩(Ⅳ)
相对于幕阜山杂岩体的位置	内接触带	距岩体0~2.5 km	距岩体2.5~3.0 km	距岩体>3.0 km
伟晶岩规模	中	大	中	大
伟晶岩形态	膨胀收缩状	分枝复合	不规则	不规则
伟晶岩产状	变化复杂或透镜状	似层状,产状较稳定	似层状,产状较稳定	似层状,产状较稳定
结构、构造	以原生熔体结晶结构为主,局部有钠长石化	原生熔体结晶结构及交代结构,钠长石化、白云母化较强烈	以交代残余结构为主,残留原生结构,钠长石化、白云母化强烈	以交代残余结构为主,残留原生结构
主要造岩矿物	微斜长石为主,石英、钠长石次之	钠长石、微斜长石为主,石英次之	钠长石为主,微斜长石、石英次之	钠长石、锂辉石为主,微斜长石、石英次之
矿种组合	铍	铍、铌钽	铌钽	铌钽、锂
交代作用	弱	中	强	强
主要稀有矿物特征	铌铁矿呈黑色板状、针状;绿柱石呈蓝色短柱状	铌-钽铁矿为黑色,板状、粒状、针状、片状;绿柱石为蓝色或浅绿色,粗粒长柱状	铌-钽铁矿为褐色,块状、粒状、针状;绿柱石呈淡绿色细粒长柱状	铌-钽铁矿为棕褐或褐色,针状、粒状;绿柱石呈淡黄色,细粒长柱状

结构带	所在伟晶岩类型	主要矿物(体积分数/%)	次要矿物	矿化特征
粗粒微斜长石带	Ⅰ内部	石英(20~30);微斜长石(40~50)	斜长石、白云母	偶见绿柱石
文象结构带	Ⅰ、Ⅱ类型内部	石英20~35;微斜长石(50~70)	斜长石、白云母	偶见绿柱石
块体微斜长石带	Ⅰ内部	石英20;微斜长石(70~80)	钠长石、白云母	绿柱石
白云母带	Ⅰ内部偶见	石英(20~60);白云母(20~50)	微斜长石、钠长石	偶见绿柱石
微斜长石钠长石带	Ⅱ标型结构带	石英(20~35);微斜长石(15~35); 钠长石(15~35);白云母(<30)	石榴石	铍铌钽矿化带, 产出绿柱石、铌钽铁矿
钠长石带	Ⅲ标型结构带, Ⅱ、Ⅳ中偶见	石英(15~35);钠长石(35~65)	白云母、微斜长石、石榴子石	铌钽矿化带, 产出铌钽铁矿和绿柱石
锂云母钠长石带	Ⅱ中偶见	石英(30~40);锂云母(20~40); 钠长石(10~20)	白云母、微斜长石、锂电气石	铌钽锂含矿带,产锂云母、铯沸石、铯绿柱石、锂电气石、细晶石
钠长石锂辉石带	Ⅳ标型结构带	石英(20~30);钠长石(30~50); 锂辉石(10~30)	微斜长石、白云母	锂矿化带,产锂辉石、铌钽铁矿
石英锂辉石带	Ⅳ核部	石英(30~50);锂辉石(20~40); 钠长石(10~20)	钠长石、白云母	锂矿化带,产锂辉石、铌钽铁矿

结构带	所在伟晶岩类型	主要矿物(体积分数/%)	次要矿物	矿化特征
粗粒微斜长石带	Ⅰ内部	石英(20~30);微斜长石(40~50)	斜长石、白云母	偶见绿柱石
文象结构带	Ⅰ、Ⅱ类型内部	石英20~35;微斜长石(50~70)	斜长石、白云母	偶见绿柱石
块体微斜长石带	Ⅰ内部	石英20;微斜长石(70~80)	钠长石、白云母	绿柱石
白云母带	Ⅰ内部偶见	石英(20~60);白云母(20~50)	微斜长石、钠长石	偶见绿柱石
微斜长石钠长石带	Ⅱ标型结构带	石英(20~35);微斜长石(15~35); 钠长石(15~35);白云母(<30)	石榴石	铍铌钽矿化带, 产出绿柱石、铌钽铁矿
钠长石带	Ⅲ标型结构带, Ⅱ、Ⅳ中偶见	石英(15~35);钠长石(35~65)	白云母、微斜长石、石榴子石	铌钽矿化带, 产出铌钽铁矿和绿柱石
锂云母钠长石带	Ⅱ中偶见	石英(30~40);锂云母(20~40); 钠长石(10~20)	白云母、微斜长石、锂电气石	铌钽锂含矿带,产锂云母、铯沸石、铯绿柱石、锂电气石、细晶石
钠长石锂辉石带	Ⅳ标型结构带	石英(20~30);钠长石(30~50); 锂辉石(10~30)	微斜长石、白云母	锂矿化带,产锂辉石、铌钽铁矿
石英锂辉石带	Ⅳ核部	石英(30~50);锂辉石(20~40); 钠长石(10~20)	钠长石、白云母	锂矿化带,产锂辉石、铌钽铁矿

测试地质体	定年矿物	同位素体系	年龄/Ma	参考文献
仁里ZK708深部240 m隐伏黑云母花岗岩	锆石	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	146.2±0.2	[37]
黑云母二长花岗岩	锆石	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	140.7±0.7 140.3±0.7	[10]
黑云母二长花岗岩	锆石	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	139.3±0.2	[38]
二云母花岗岩	锆石	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	138.3±0.3	[10]
仁里5号伟晶岩脉	锆石	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	131.2±2.4	[10]
仁里5号伟晶岩脉	铌钽铁矿	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	133.0±2.6	[10]
仁里5号脉ZK1616伟晶岩样品	辉钼矿	Re-Os	130.5±1.1	[39]
仁里5号伟晶岩脉	锂云母	Ar-Ar	125.0±1.4	[19]
钠长石锂辉石伟晶岩	白云母	Ar-Ar	130.8±0.8	[38]
黄柏山603号锂辉石伟晶岩	铌钽铁矿	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	133.0±1.5	未发表