Groundwater quality and pollution assessment based on ‘hierarchical ladder evaluation method’: A case study of Tongchuan Cit

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.2.5

Abstract

Abstract:

Measurements of regional groundwater quality and pollution status play an important role in groundwater pollution control, groundwater resources protection and management, especially in the western inland arid areas. In this study, groundwater in Tongchuan City of Shanxi Province was systematically sampled and the groundwater quality and pollution status were evaluated through analyses of conventional, inorganic toxicological and trace organics indicators using ‘hierarchical ladder evaluation method’. The results showed that the shallow water quality in Tongchuan City was relatively poor in 2011, with 60% of the samples qualified as drinkable water or drinkable water after proper treatment and 40% as not suitable for drinking. The quality of shallow water was affected by both natural background and human activities, and the main influencing indicators were total hardness and $NO 3 -$ , TDS, Mg²⁺and $SO 4 2 -$ contents. In contrast, the quality of deep water was relatively good, and all sampling sites could be used as drinking water sources. The deep water was mainly affected by natural background, and the main influencing indicator was total Fe. In terms of pollution grade, the shallow water samples with pollution grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 accounted for 44%, 16%, 32% and 8% of the total samples, respectively, with pollution mainly distributed in the Qishui river valley from south of Jinshuoguan to north of Chuankou; whereas the deep water samples were all assigned pollution grade 1, i.e., unaffected by human pollution. Compared with other methods, ‘hierarchical ladder evaluation method’ has obvious advantages in distinguishing the impact of natural background versus pollution on groundwater quality. Combined with regional background analysis and field investigation, this approach can be an effective way to scientifically acquire a good knowledge of regional groundwater quality as well as pollution status.

Key words: Tongchuan City, groundwater quality, hierarchical ladder evaluation method, pollution assessment

CLC Number:

X523
P641.8

XIE Fei, ZHANG Yuxi, LIU Jingtao, ZHOU Bing, XIANG Xiaoping. Groundwater quality and pollution assessment based on ‘hierarchical ladder evaluation method’: A case study of Tongchuan Cit[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(5): 15-25.

Figures/Tables 9

Fig.1 Geographical location of Tongchuan City and distribution of sampling sites

Table 1 List of testing indicators for groundwater in Tongchuan City

指标类型	指标项目
无机常规指标	总硬度(CaCO₃)、TDS、COD、Mg²⁺、 $SO 4 2 -$ 、总Fe、Ca²⁺、Na⁺、总Mn、Zn、Al、Cl^-、 $NH 4 +$ 、 $HCO 3 -$ 、 $CO 3 2 -$ 、K⁺、H₂SiO₃
无机毒理指标	$NO 3 -$ 、 $NO 2 -$ 、F^-、Cr(VI)、总As、总Pb、总Cd、总Se、I^-
微量有机指标	氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯、反-1,2-二氯乙烯、顺-1,2-二氯乙烯、1,1,1-三氯乙烷、四氯化碳、1,2-二氯乙烷、三氯乙烯、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、四氯乙烯、三氯甲烷、溴二氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、溴仿、1,2-二氯丙烷、二氯甲烷、氯苯、1,3-二氯苯、1,4-二氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯、苯并(a)芘、总六六六、α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、δ-BHC、总滴滴涕、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD、o,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDT、1,2,4-三氯苯、六氯苯

Table 1 List of testing indicators for groundwater in Tongchuan City

指标类型	指标项目
无机常规指标	总硬度(CaCO₃)、TDS、COD、Mg²⁺、 $SO 4 2 -$ 、总Fe、Ca²⁺、Na⁺、总Mn、Zn、Al、Cl^-、 $NH 4 +$ 、 $HCO 3 -$ 、 $CO 3 2 -$ 、K⁺、H₂SiO₃
无机毒理指标	$NO 3 -$ 、 $NO 2 -$ 、F^-、Cr(VI)、总As、总Pb、总Cd、总Se、I^-
微量有机指标	氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯、反-1,2-二氯乙烯、顺-1,2-二氯乙烯、1,1,1-三氯乙烷、四氯化碳、1,2-二氯乙烷、三氯乙烯、1,1,2-三氯乙烷、四氯乙烯、三氯甲烷、溴二氯甲烷、一氯二溴甲烷、溴仿、1,2-二氯丙烷、二氯甲烷、氯苯、1,3-二氯苯、1,4-二氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、苯、甲苯、乙苯、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯、苯并(a)芘、总六六六、α-BHC、β-BHC、γ-BHC、δ-BHC、总滴滴涕、p,p'-DDE、p,p'-DDD、o,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDT、1,2,4-三氯苯、六氯苯

Table 2 Tongchuan City groundwater pollution status for inorganic indicators above standards

检测指标^①		标准^②/ (mg·L^-1)		浅层水							深层水
检测指标^①		标准^②/ (mg·L^-1)		浓度范围/ (mg·L^-1)	浓度平均值/ (mg·L^-1)	超标个数		超标率^③/ %			浓度范围/ (mg·L^-1)		浓度平均值/ (mg·L^-1)		超标个数	超标率/ %
常规指标	总硬度	450	236.51 450		651.16		17		68	96.16387.1		230.03		0		0
	TDS	1 000	377.22 343		1 010.56		11		44	305.8695.7		484.16		0		0
	Mg²⁺	50	16.2126.5		51.85		11		44	15.6441.56		27.18		0		0
	$SO 4 2 -$	250	56.51897		307.68		10		40	13.18185.5		68.85		0		0
	Fe	0.3	0.0121.017		0.19		5		20	0.0190.897		0.28		5		36
	COD	3	0.624		1.49		3		12	0.51.36		0.71		0		0
	Ca²⁺	400	55.03457.2		175.24		1		4	12.7190.26		47.31		0		0
	Na⁺	200	19.02155.8		72.12		0		0	34.39205.7		91.97		1		7
	Cl^-	250	12.95208.3		70.70		0		0	5.2564.77		21.56		0		0
	Zn	1	0.010.143		0.04		0		0	0.010.089		0.03		0		0
	Mn	0.1	小鱼0.0010.05		—		0		0	小鱼0.0010.036		—		0		0
	$NH 4 +$	0.643	小鱼0.040.12		—		0		0	小鱼0.04		—		0		0
	K⁺	/	0.3131.6		4.24		0		0	0.762.63		1.37		0		0
	$HCO 3 -$	/	213488.1		346.96		0		0	279.2621.7		364.10		0		0
	$CO 3 2 -$	/	05.66		0.23		0		0	033.97		5.05		0		0
	H₂SiO₃	/	14.9826.26		21.00		0		0	17.2622.72		20.35		0		0
毒理指标	$NO 3 -$	88.57	11.9482.50		138.05		14		56	6.9859.50		22.62		0		0
	$NO 2 -$	0.66	小鱼0.0024.20		—		3		12	小鱼0.0020.004		—		0		0
	F^-	1.00	0.11.30		0.40		1		4	0.180.96		0.53		0		0
	Cr(VI)	0.05	小鱼0.0040.015		—		0		0	小鱼0.0040.04		—		0		0
	As	0.01	小鱼0.0010.002		—		0		0	小鱼0.0010.005		—		0		0

Table 2 Tongchuan City groundwater pollution status for inorganic indicators above standards

检测指标^①		标准^②/ (mg·L^-1)		浅层水							深层水
检测指标^①		标准^②/ (mg·L^-1)		浓度范围/ (mg·L^-1)	浓度平均值/ (mg·L^-1)	超标个数		超标率^③/ %			浓度范围/ (mg·L^-1)		浓度平均值/ (mg·L^-1)		超标个数	超标率/ %
常规指标	总硬度	450	236.51 450		651.16		17		68	96.16387.1		230.03		0		0
	TDS	1 000	377.22 343		1 010.56		11		44	305.8695.7		484.16		0		0
	Mg²⁺	50	16.2126.5		51.85		11		44	15.6441.56		27.18		0		0
	$SO 4 2 -$	250	56.51897		307.68		10		40	13.18185.5		68.85		0		0
	Fe	0.3	0.0121.017		0.19		5		20	0.0190.897		0.28		5		36
	COD	3	0.624		1.49		3		12	0.51.36		0.71		0		0
	Ca²⁺	400	55.03457.2		175.24		1		4	12.7190.26		47.31		0		0
	Na⁺	200	19.02155.8		72.12		0		0	34.39205.7		91.97		1		7
	Cl^-	250	12.95208.3		70.70		0		0	5.2564.77		21.56		0		0
	Zn	1	0.010.143		0.04		0		0	0.010.089		0.03		0		0
	Mn	0.1	小鱼0.0010.05		—		0		0	小鱼0.0010.036		—		0		0
	$NH 4 +$	0.643	小鱼0.040.12		—		0		0	小鱼0.04		—		0		0
	K⁺	/	0.3131.6		4.24		0		0	0.762.63		1.37		0		0
	$HCO 3 -$	/	213488.1		346.96		0		0	279.2621.7		364.10		0		0
	$CO 3 2 -$	/	05.66		0.23		0		0	033.97		5.05		0		0
	H₂SiO₃	/	14.9826.26		21.00		0		0	17.2622.72		20.35		0		0
毒理指标	$NO 3 -$	88.57	11.9482.50		138.05		14		56	6.9859.50		22.62		0		0
	$NO 2 -$	0.66	小鱼0.0024.20		—		3		12	小鱼0.0020.004		—		0		0
	F^-	1.00	0.11.30		0.40		1		4	0.180.96		0.53		0		0
	Cr(VI)	0.05	小鱼0.0040.015		—		0		0	小鱼0.0040.04		—		0		0
	As	0.01	小鱼0.0010.002		—		0		0	小鱼0.0010.005		—		0		0

Table 3 Detection of trace organics indicators in groundwater in Tongchuan City

检测指标^①	标准^②/ (μg·L^-1)	浅层水样品有机组分浓度/(μg·L^-1)									深层水样品有机组分浓度/ (μg·L^-1)
检测指标^①	标准^②/ (μg·L^-1)	S05^③	S06	S09	S10	S14	S18	S19	S23	S24	D02
β-BHC	/	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.016	n.d.	n.d.
γ-BHC	2	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.012	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
苯并(a)芘	0.01	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.008	n.d.	0.002 2	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
1,1-二氯乙烯	30	0.54	0.39	n.d.	0.63	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	0.55	n.d.
三氯甲烷	60	n.d.	n.d.	1.4	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.
1,2-二氯乙烷	30	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	2.02
1,2-二氯丙烷	5	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	n.d.	1.06

Fig.2 Trilinear plots of shallow (light dots) and deep (dark dots) water in Tongchuan City

Fig.3 Assessment results of groundwater quality and pollution status in Tongchuan City

Fig.4 ( HCO 3 -+S O 4 2 -)-(Ca2++Mg2+) diagrams of shallow (a) and deep (b) water

Fig.5 Contour map of nitrate content in regional groundwater

Fig.6 Groundwater pollution prevention performance zones

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