Earth Science Frontiers ›› 2020, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (5): 262-279.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.8.2
Special Issue: Research Articles (English)
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Svetlana S. Timofeeva1,*(
), Evgeniy V. Kislov2, Lyudmila I. Khudyakova3
Received:2020-06-21
Revised:2020-08-05
Online:2020-09-25
Published:2020-09-25
Contact:
Svetlana S. Timofeeva
CLC Number:
Svetlana S. Timofeeva, Evgeniy V. Kislov, Lyudmila I. Khudyakova. Yoko-Dovyren layered dunite-troctolite-gabbro massif, North Baikal region, Russia: Structure, composition and use of mineral raw materials[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(5): 262-279.
| Parameters | GOST 31108-2016 | Cement with the addition of | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dunite | wehrlite | troctolite | ||
| Initial setting time, min. | not earlier than 75 | 250 | 255 | 240 |
| Compressive strength, MPa, age 7 days 28 days | at least 16.0 at least 32.5 no more than 52.5 | 21.4 43.0 | 20.5 42.4 | 22.7 42.9 |
| Uniformity of volume change (expansion), mm | no more than 10 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.9 |
| Parameters | GOST 31108-2016 | Cement with the addition of | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dunite | wehrlite | troctolite | ||
| Initial setting time, min. | not earlier than 75 | 250 | 255 | 240 |
| Compressive strength, MPa, age 7 days 28 days | at least 16.0 at least 32.5 no more than 52.5 | 21.4 43.0 | 20.5 42.4 | 22.7 42.9 |
| Uniformity of volume change (expansion), mm | no more than 10 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.9 |
| Properties | Cement with the addition of | CEM I | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dunite | wehrlite | troctolite | ||
| Water absorption, % | 3.31 | 3.35 | 3.61 | 6.65 |
| Alkali resistance, % | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.69 |
| Acid resistance, % | 42.17 | 41.38 | 43.96 | 59.37 |
| Frost resistance, cycle | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
| Properties | Cement with the addition of | CEM I | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dunite | wehrlite | troctolite | ||
| Water absorption, % | 3.31 | 3.35 | 3.61 | 6.65 |
| Alkali resistance, % | 0.93 | 0.91 | 0.89 | 0.69 |
| Acid resistance, % | 42.17 | 41.38 | 43.96 | 59.37 |
| Frost resistance, cycle | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
| Parameters | Dunite | Wehrlite | Troctolite | GOST 8267-93 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fraction content Dmin, % | 97.80 | 97.60 | 98.40 | from 90 to 100 |
| Fraction content DMax, % | 3.10 | 3.10 | 2.90 | up to 10 |
| Fraction content 0.5 (Dmin+ Dmax), % | 50.45 | 50.35 | 50.65 | from 30 to 80 |
| Fraction content 1.25 DMax, % | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.27 | up to 0.5 |
| Content of platy (flaky) and needle-shaped grains, % | no | no | no | no more than 50 |
| Content of poor rock grains, % | no | no | no | no more than 5 |
| Content of dustlike and clay particles, % | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | no more than 1 |
| Content of clay in lumps, % | no | no | no | no more than 0.25 |
| Mass loss during decay, % | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.20 | no more than 3 |
| Volumetric bulk weight of crushed stone, kg·m-3 | 1745 | 1739 | 1728 | |
| Real density (specific gravity), g·cm-3 | 3.00 | 3.01 | 2.91 | |
| Moisture content of crushed stone, % | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | |
| Crushed stone grade by crushing capacity | 1200 | 1200 | 1200 |
| Parameters | Dunite | Wehrlite | Troctolite | GOST 8267-93 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fraction content Dmin, % | 97.80 | 97.60 | 98.40 | from 90 to 100 |
| Fraction content DMax, % | 3.10 | 3.10 | 2.90 | up to 10 |
| Fraction content 0.5 (Dmin+ Dmax), % | 50.45 | 50.35 | 50.65 | from 30 to 80 |
| Fraction content 1.25 DMax, % | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.27 | up to 0.5 |
| Content of platy (flaky) and needle-shaped grains, % | no | no | no | no more than 50 |
| Content of poor rock grains, % | no | no | no | no more than 5 |
| Content of dustlike and clay particles, % | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 | no more than 1 |
| Content of clay in lumps, % | no | no | no | no more than 0.25 |
| Mass loss during decay, % | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.20 | no more than 3 |
| Volumetric bulk weight of crushed stone, kg·m-3 | 1745 | 1739 | 1728 | |
| Real density (specific gravity), g·cm-3 | 3.00 | 3.01 | 2.91 | |
| Moisture content of crushed stone, % | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | |
| Crushed stone grade by crushing capacity | 1200 | 1200 | 1200 |
| Parameters | Dunite sand | GOST 8267-93 |
|---|---|---|
| Total residue on the sieve N 063 | 68.4 | from 65 to 75 |
| Modulus of fineness Mf | 2.7 | from 2.5 to 3.0 |
| Content of grains of size more than 10 mm, % | no | no more than 5 |
| Content of grains of size more than 5 mm, % | no | no more than 20 |
| Content of grains of size less than 0.16 mm, % | 4.8 | no more than 10 |
| Content of dustlike and clay particles, % | 3.0 | no more than 3 |
| Content of clay in lumps, % | 0.45 | no more than 0.5 |
| Specific gravity (real density), kg·m-3 | 3000 | |
| Bulk mass (density in the loose-bulk state), kg·m-3 | 1900 |
| Parameters | Dunite sand | GOST 8267-93 |
|---|---|---|
| Total residue on the sieve N 063 | 68.4 | from 65 to 75 |
| Modulus of fineness Mf | 2.7 | from 2.5 to 3.0 |
| Content of grains of size more than 10 mm, % | no | no more than 5 |
| Content of grains of size more than 5 mm, % | no | no more than 20 |
| Content of grains of size less than 0.16 mm, % | 4.8 | no more than 10 |
| Content of dustlike and clay particles, % | 3.0 | no more than 3 |
| Content of clay in lumps, % | 0.45 | no more than 0.5 |
| Specific gravity (real density), kg·m-3 | 3000 | |
| Bulk mass (density in the loose-bulk state), kg·m-3 | 1900 |
| Type of coarse aggregate | Type of fine aggregate | Compressive strength, MPa | Density, kg/m3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dunite | Quartz sand | 28.8 | 2730 |
| Dunite sand | 32.8 | 2800 | |
| Wehrlite | Quartz sand | 28.3 | 2716 |
| Dunite sand | 32.0 | 2763 | |
| Troctolite | Quartz sand | 28.0 | 2613 |
| Dunite sand | 31.5 | 2666 | |
| Granite | Quartz sand | 27.3 | 2297 |
| Dunite sand | 28.4 | 2358 | |
| Gravel | Quartz sand | 26.2 | 2494 |
| Dunite sand | 27.8 | 2544 |
| Type of coarse aggregate | Type of fine aggregate | Compressive strength, MPa | Density, kg/m3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dunite | Quartz sand | 28.8 | 2730 |
| Dunite sand | 32.8 | 2800 | |
| Wehrlite | Quartz sand | 28.3 | 2716 |
| Dunite sand | 32.0 | 2763 | |
| Troctolite | Quartz sand | 28.0 | 2613 |
| Dunite sand | 31.5 | 2666 | |
| Granite | Quartz sand | 27.3 | 2297 |
| Dunite sand | 28.4 | 2358 | |
| Gravel | Quartz sand | 26.2 | 2494 |
| Dunite sand | 27.8 | 2544 |
| Type of additive | Molding method | Average density, kg·m-3 | Firing shrinkage, % | Water absorption, % | Tensile strength, MPa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compression | Bending | |||||
| No | Plastic | 2250 | 15.7 | 10.9 | 65.1 | 7.5 |
| Pressing | 2280 | 15.0 | 9.8 | 81.6 | 9.5 | |
| Dunite | Plastic | 2120 | 6.8 | 8.7 | 31.4 | 4.3 |
| Pressing | 2630 | 3.5 | 6.1 | 52.3 | 6.3 | |
| Wehrlite | Plastic | 2180 | 7.8 | 8.7 | 30.2 | 4.2 |
| Pressing | 2620 | 3.8 | 6.4 | 49.4 | 6.2 | |
| Troctolite | Plastic | 1880 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 28.1 | 4.2 |
| Pressing | 2620 | 4.1 | 6.7 | 32.1 | 4.6 | |
| Type of additive | Molding method | Average density, kg·m-3 | Firing shrinkage, % | Water absorption, % | Tensile strength, MPa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compression | Bending | |||||
| No | Plastic | 2250 | 15.7 | 10.9 | 65.1 | 7.5 |
| Pressing | 2280 | 15.0 | 9.8 | 81.6 | 9.5 | |
| Dunite | Plastic | 2120 | 6.8 | 8.7 | 31.4 | 4.3 |
| Pressing | 2630 | 3.5 | 6.1 | 52.3 | 6.3 | |
| Wehrlite | Plastic | 2180 | 7.8 | 8.7 | 30.2 | 4.2 |
| Pressing | 2620 | 3.8 | 6.4 | 49.4 | 6.2 | |
| Troctolite | Plastic | 1880 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 28.1 | 4.2 |
| Pressing | 2620 | 4.1 | 6.7 | 32.1 | 4.6 | |
| Raw materials | Unit | Material consumption per 1000 bricks | Processing type and parameters | Area of use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clay | kg | 2293.2 | Plastic molding, firing at 1050 ℃ and higher | For laying and cladding of external and internal walls of buildings and structures, as well as for laying of foundations |
| Magnesium silicate rocks | kg | 1528.8 | ||
| Water | l | 764.4 | ||
| Clay | kg | 2574.0 | Pressing with a pressure of 40 MPa, firing at 950-1100 ℃ | For laying and cladding of external and internal walls of buildings and structures |
| Magnesium silicate rocks | kg | 2574.0 | ||
| Water | l | 411.8 |
| Raw materials | Unit | Material consumption per 1000 bricks | Processing type and parameters | Area of use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clay | kg | 2293.2 | Plastic molding, firing at 1050 ℃ and higher | For laying and cladding of external and internal walls of buildings and structures, as well as for laying of foundations |
| Magnesium silicate rocks | kg | 1528.8 | ||
| Water | l | 764.4 | ||
| Clay | kg | 2574.0 | Pressing with a pressure of 40 MPa, firing at 950-1100 ℃ | For laying and cladding of external and internal walls of buildings and structures |
| Magnesium silicate rocks | kg | 2574.0 | ||
| Water | l | 411.8 |
| Parameters | Mineral powder from | Requirements of GOST R 52129-2003 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dunite | wehrlite | troctolite | ||
| Porosity, % | 30.6 | 30.7 | 31.2 | no more than 40 |
| Swelling of samples from a mixture of powder with bitumen | 0 | 0 | 0 | no more than 3.0 |
| Water resistance of samples from a mixture of powder and bitumen | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | no more than 0.7 |
| Humidity, % by weight | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.1 | no more than 2.5 |
| Real density, kg·m-3 | 3330 | 3340 | 3240 | |
| Parameters | Mineral powder from | Requirements of GOST R 52129-2003 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dunite | wehrlite | troctolite | ||
| Porosity, % | 30.6 | 30.7 | 31.2 | no more than 40 |
| Swelling of samples from a mixture of powder with bitumen | 0 | 0 | 0 | no more than 3.0 |
| Water resistance of samples from a mixture of powder and bitumen | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | no more than 0.7 |
| Humidity, % by weight | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.1 | no more than 2.5 |
| Real density, kg·m-3 | 3330 | 3340 | 3240 | |
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