碳的固定、运输、转移和排放过程:对地球深部碳循环的启示

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.12.51

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

俯冲带背景下,碳在促进岩石熔融、岩浆起源和演化、地球深部的岩石学及动力学等过程中扮演的角色尤为重要。碳的存在形式是由温度、压力、氧逸度以及溶流体的性质等条件控制的,这些以不同形式存在的碳随板块俯冲到达地球深部,而后又通过火山作用等脱气过程被返回地表,便形成了地球深部碳循环过程。固碳和脱碳反应是影响碳在固体地球、海洋和大气圈转换的主要反应。碳的固定包括硅酸盐风化作用、玄武质洋壳的热液交代、海沟外隆的蛇纹石化、有机碳的埋藏和逆风化作用等过程;碳的运输包括沉积成因和交代成因沉积物的俯冲过程;当俯冲碳被输送到地球内部时,它可能被保留在板块内,或者转移到地幔楔中,又或再被循环到地球深部,这将取决于特定构造环境的温压条件和氧化还原状态等。碳的排放包括火山作用、弧前扩散脱气、溶解脱碳、变质反应脱碳和熔融脱碳等过程,这些过程将俯冲下去的碳再一次返回大气,能够平衡俯冲带的碳输入。本文系统地总结了地表及地球深部碳的固定、运输、转移和排放过程中碳的存在形式、碳的迁移和变化以及相关碳通量计算值,分析了目前碳通量差异的原因并阐述了今后需要深入研究的一些关键科学问题。另外,工业革命后,人为成因的CO₂释放对于全球气候产生了巨大影响,给地球的自我调节系统带来了额外的压力。在全球低碳经济背景下,我国坚持节能减排、增加森林蓄积量,提出了双碳目标,助力全球应对气候变化。

关键词: 深部碳循环, 固碳作用, 脱碳作用, 人为成因CO₂排放

Abstract:

Carbon plays a fundamental role in subduction zones in melting enhancement, magma genesis and evolution, and petrological/thermodynamic processes in the deep Earth. The occurrence state of carbon in the deep Earth is controlled by temperature, depth (pressure), oxygen fugacity, and fluid property. When carbon of various occurrence states is transported to the deep Earth via subducting slab and then returns to the atmosphere through degassing, the so-called ‘deep carbon cycle’ is realized. Carbonation/decarbonation reactions are the main mechanisms affecting carbon transfer between the solid Earth, the atmosphere, and the oceans. Carbonation processes include silicate weathering, hydrothermal alteration, trench outer-rise serpentinization, organic carbon burial, and reverse weathering; while carbon transport is achieved by subduction of depositional and metasomatic sediments. Surface carbon, when transported to the Earth’s interior, may be retained within the subducting slab, transferred into the upper mantle wedge, or recycled into the deep Earth depending on the depth and redox state under specific tectonic settings; that carbon is then returned to the atmosphere via decarbonation mechanism through volcanic degassing, diffuse degassing in the forearc, dissolution, metamorphism, and melting to maintain a carbon balance at subduction zones. This systematic review summarizes the carbon occurrence states, carbon movements and change of carbon-bearing phases during carbon sequestration, transport, transfer, and degassing relevant to deep carbon cycling and the related carbon fluxes, analyzes the reasons for the inconsistencies in carbon-flux estimates, and discusses future research directions. Since the industrial revolution anthropogenic CO₂ emission has contributed greatly to global warming, exerting extra pressure on Earth as a self-regulating system. In the context of transition to a low-carbon economy, China adheres to energy conservation, carbon emission reduction, and forest growth, and aims to peak CO₂ emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 to address the world climate crisis.

Key words: deep carbon cycle, carbonation, decarbonation, anthropogenic CO₂ emissions

中图分类号:

陈雪倩, 张立飞. 碳的固定、运输、转移和排放过程:对地球深部碳循环的启示[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(3): 313-339.

CHEN Xueqian, ZHANG Lifei. Carbon sequestration, transport, transfer, and degassing: Insights into the deep carbon cycle[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(3): 313-339.

图/表 15

图1 俯冲带深部碳循环示意图(据文献[8]修改)

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the deep carbon cycle in a subduction zone. Modified after [8].

图2 下地幔金属Fe占比与地幔中碳含量的关系(据文献[17]修改)

Fig.2 Fraction of metal iron in the lower mantle versus carboncontent of the mantle. Modified after [17].

图3 固碳以及脱碳过程示意图(据文献[1]修改)

Fig.3 Major carbonation/decarbonation processes. Modified after [1].

图4 全球碳通量的估计值(据文献[104]修改)

Fig.4 Estimates of global carbon fluxes. Modified after [104].

图5 来源于俯冲板片的C-H-O流体在向上迁移的过程中温度降低,碳酸盐溶解度随之降低,导致地幔楔中碳酸盐的沉淀(据文献[112]修改)

Fig.5 Mechanism of carbonate precipitation in the mantle wedge. During the upward migration of C-H-O fluid (derived from the subducted slab), carbonate solubility decreases with decreasing fluid temperature, which leads to carbonate precipitation in the mantle wedge. Modified after [112].

图6 脱碳程度与岩石组成和流体成分的关系(据文献[104]修改) 当 X C O 2=0.002 5,约50%泥质岩成分下是完全脱碳的;当 X C O 2=0.005 0和 X C O 2=0.007 5时,分别仅在约25%和10%泥质成分下完全脱碳;当 X C O 2≥0.025(封闭体系),所有成分下的岩石都没有发生脱碳。

Fig.6 Extent of carbon degassing as functions of sediment/fluid compositions. Modified after [104].

图7 西南天山碳酸盐化榴辉岩(据文献[122])

Fig.7 Carbonated eclogite (a) and marble (b) from southwestern Tianshan (after [122])

图8 碳酸盐(CaCO3)饱和流体中C的等值线(据文献[19]) 虚线—俯冲洋壳底部;实线—俯冲沉积物的顶部;绿色—克马德克群岛;蓝色—阿留申群岛;橙色—智利南部。实心棕色曲线表示蛇纹石的稳定域。黑色粗实线表示变玄武岩和变沉积物的流体饱和固相线。

Fig.8 Contour diagram showing the solubility of carbon in aqueous carbonate fluid as functions of P and T (after [19])

图9 硅质白云岩的温度-压力(MPa)-流体演化(CaO-MgO-SiO2-CO2),垂直方向代表造山带典型的地热梯度(据文献[103])

Fig.9 P - T - a C O 2 diagram showing phase equilibria in siliceous dolomites (after [103])

图10 全球古元古代缝合带、显生宙缝合带和现代俯冲带位置示意图(据文献[9]修改)

Fig.10 Global map indicating the location of modern subduction and ancient sutures formed in the Phanerozoic and Proterozoic. Modified after [9].

图11 流体驱动脱碳反应:中部石英脉和边部Di + Amp + Zo(透辉石+角闪石+黝帘石)切穿了最边缘的含金云母的变碳酸盐岩石,产生大量CO2,进变质反应为:Pl + Cc + Q = Di + Kf + H2O + CO2(斜长石+方解石+石英=透辉石+钾长石+H2O+CO2[156,159])(据文献[9])

Fig.11 Infiltration-driven decarbonation shown in a carbonate rock specimen (after [9])

图12 1990—2021年全球化石燃料燃烧释放CO2量统计(据全球碳计划)

Fig.12 1990—2021 trend in global annual CO2 release from fossil fuel combustion. Modified after Global Carbon Project 2021.

图13 2011—2020年人为活动成因CO2平均释放量和各储层碳储量(据2021全球碳计划)

Fig.13 2011—2020 average annual anthropogenic CO2 release and carbon stock changes in carbon reservoirs. Modified after Global Carbon Project 2021.

图14 碳的固定、运输、转移及排放过程的碳通量总结

Fig.14 Carbon fluxes from carbon sequestration, transport, transfer, and degassing

表1 全球深部碳循环相关地质过程的碳通量总结

Table 1 Summary of estimates of global carbon fluxes from various geological processes involving in the deep carbon cycle

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