中国东部地热异常区深层高温分布特征与动力学背景

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国东部的东北地热异常区、华北及华东地热异常区、东南丘陵-沿海地热异常区是中国重要的地热资源区,研究其深部地温分布特征与动力学背景对合理开发、高效利用地热资源具有重要的科学意义。中国东部自北向南,地热地质条件及热源成因各不相同。东北地区地热资源主要分布在长白山、松辽盆地、二连盆地以及依兰-伊通裂谷地堑,是火山、裂谷地堑、深断裂活动区,其深部热源与地温分布主要与西太平洋现代俯冲板片的岩浆活动有关。华北及华东地区地热资源主要分布在渤海湾盆地、南华北盆地群、郯庐断裂带的临沂-郯城段以及苏北盆地,是裂谷地堑、活动深断裂、岩溶热储发育区,其深部热源及地温分布主要与青藏高原东向挤出、太平洋俯冲后撤导致的盆地伸展、断陷以及深大断裂带走滑活动有关。东南丘陵-沿海地区地热资源主要分布在广东中西部、江西中南部以及福建东北部,是火山、岩体放射性高值区,其深部热源及地温分布主要与南海张裂、岩石圈减薄的岩浆活动有关。深部地温及居里面计算结果表明:中国东部地热异常区热流值≥80 mW/m²的点在10 km深度的地温分别为,东北260~360 ℃,华北及华东270~400 ℃,东南丘陵-沿海地区260~340 ℃。在居里温度统一取475 ℃的条件下,居里面深度分别为:东北14.7~23.7 km,平均20.5 km;华北及华东18.4~26.5 km,平均22.1 km;东南丘陵-沿海地区16.9~24.9 km,平均21.9 km。综合分析认为,中国东部存在3种不同特征的地热资源区:长白山、东营等地,浅层地温高,居里面浅,地幔热源浅;松辽盆地中部的大安-大庆之间、渤中坳陷北侧的唐山等地,浅层地温高,但居里面深,地幔热源深;泉州-漳州之间浅层地温低,但居里面浅,地幔热源浅。

关键词: 中国东部, 东北地热异常区, 华北及华东地热异常区, 东南丘陵-沿海地热异常区, 深层高温地热资源, 居里面

Abstract:

There are many geothermal resource areas in eastern China, such as the Dongbei (northeastern China), Huabei-Huadong (northern and eastern China) and Southeast Hilly Coast geothermal anomaly areas. In order to rationally exploit and efficiently utilize geothermal resources, it is necessary to study the geothermal distribution and geodynamic background at depth of these geothermal anomaly areas. Different geothermal anomaly areas in eastern China have different geothermal geological conditions and heat source genesis. The Dongbei geothermal anomaly area—with geothermal resources mainly distributed in the Changbai Mountain, Songliao Basin, Erlian Basin and Yilan-Yitong fault graben—is an active area of volcanos, rifts and deep faults, and its deep heat-source and high-temperature anomaly are mainly related to magmatism caused by the western Pacific subduction. The Huabei-Huadong geothermal anomaly area—where geothermal resources are mainly distributed in the Bohai Bay Basin, South Huabei Basin Group, Linyi-Tancheng section of the Tanlu fault zone as well as Subei Basin—is a development area of rift valleys, active deep faults and karst thermal reservoirs; the deep heat-source and high-temperature anomaly in this area are mainly related to basin extension, fault depression and deep fault sliding caused by eastward compression of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and subduction-retreat of the Pacific plate. The Southeast Hilly Coast geothermal anomaly area—where geothermal resources are mainly distributed in central and western Guangdong, central and southern Jiangxi and northeast Fujian—is an area with volcanic belts and rock masses that have high radioactive element contents, and its deep heat-source and high-temperature anomalies are mainly related to magmatism caused by lithospheric tension thinning in the South China Sea. According to our calculation, in areas with heat flow greater than 80 mW/m2, ground temperatures at 10 km depth can range between 260-360 ℃ in Dongbei, 270-400 ℃ in Huabei-Huadong, and 260-340 ℃ in Southeast Hilly Coast area. When the Curie temperature is taken as 475 ℃, the Curie depths can range between 14.7-23.7 km in Dongbei, 18.4-26.5 km in Huabei-Huadong, and 16.9-24.9 km in Southeast Hilly Coast area. Through comprehensive analysis we found that there are three types of high-quality geothermal resource areas in eastern China, with different thermal structures: 1) high shallow-ground temperature, deep Curie depth and shallow mantle heat-source in the Changbai Mountain and Dongying area; 2) high shallow-ground temperature, deep Curie depth and deep mantle heat-source in the central Songliao Basin and northeastern Bohai Bay Basin; and 3) low shallow-ground temperature, shallow Curie depth and shallow mantle heat-source in the area between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou.

Key words: eastern China, Dongbei geothermal anomaly area, Huabei-Huadong geothermal anomaly area, Southeast Hilly Coast geothermal anomaly area, deep high-temperature geothermal resource, curie-point isotherm surface

中图分类号:

张健, 方桂, 何雨蓓. 中国东部地热异常区深层高温分布特征与动力学背景[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(2): 316-332.

ZHANG Jian, FANG Gui, HE Yubei. High-temperature characteristics and geodynamic background at depth of geothermal anomaly areas in eastern China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(2): 316-332.

图/表 14

图1 中国东部地热地质条件示意图(热流值引自文献[1-2])

Fig.1 Sketch map showing the geothermal geological conditions in eastern China. Heat flow value adapted from [1-2].

图2 中国东部地热区磁异常、莫霍面深度等值线图 (a)—磁异常ΔT/nT; (b)—莫霍面深度/km。

Fig.2 Magnetic anomaly (a) and Moho depth (b) contour maps of northeastern China (aka Dongbei area)

图3 东北地热异常区上地壳温度 (a)—高热流点温度-深度曲线;(b)—5 km深度温度等值线平面图(括号内数字为高热流计算点序号,与图(a)中的温度-深度曲线序号对应)。F1—赤峰-开源断裂;F2—温都尔庙-西拉木伦河断裂;F3—二连-贺根山断裂;F5—嫩江断裂;F6—孙吴-大庆断裂;F7—依兰-伊通断裂;F8—敦化-密山断裂;F9—鸭绿江断裂[13]。

Fig.3 Upper crustal temperature in the Dongbei geothermal anomaly area

表1 东北地热异常区地层热物性参数[19-20]

Table 1 Formation thermophysical parameters for geothermal anomaly area of northeastern China. Adapted from [19-20].

层位	厚度/km			热导率/(W·(m·K)^-1)				生热率/(μW·m^-3)
层位	范围	平均		范围		平均		范围		平均
沉积盖层	0~4.36	1.15	1.5~2.5		2.2		2.26~2.95		2.35
上地壳	8.79~12.95	10.14	2.0~2.75		2.6		1.24~2.38		1.36

图4 东北地热异常区居里面、重点区域地温剖面 (a)—居里面深度等值线(km); (b)—A1—B1温度剖面; (c)—C1—D1温度剖面。

Fig.4 Curie depth contour map and geothermal profile of the Dongbei geothermal anomaly area

表2 华北及华东地热异常区地层热物性参数[21⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-36]

Table 2 Formation thermophysical parameters in geothermal anomaly area of North and East China[21⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-36]

层位	厚度/km			热导率/(W·(m·K)^-1)				生热率/(μW·m^-3)
层位	范围	平均		范围		平均		范围		平均
沉积盖层	0.03~8.18	1.73	1.45~1.88		1.76		1.61~2.82		1.85
上地壳	6.68~17.91	10.61	3.5		3.5		1.05~1.26		1.21

图5 华北及华东地热异常区上地壳温度 (a)—高热流点温度-深度曲线;(b)—5 km深度温度等值线平面图(括号内数字为高热流计算点序号,与图(a)中的温度-深度曲线序号对应)。F2—商州-丹凤断裂;F3—嘉山-响水断裂;F4—五莲-即墨-牟平断裂;F5—沂沭断裂带-郯庐断裂东支;F6—沂沭断裂带-郯庐断裂西支;F7—兰考-聊城断裂;F9—沧东断裂;F10—邯郸断裂;F11—太行山东麓断裂带-晋获断裂;F12—保定-石家庄断裂;F13—济源-焦作-商丘断裂;F14—三门峡-硖石-九店断裂;F15—洛南-栾川断裂;F16—宝坻、廊坊-武清、海河断裂)[13]。

Fig.5 Upper crustal temperatures in the Huabei-Huadong geothermal anomaly area

图6 华北及华东地热异常区居里面、重点区域地温剖面 (a)—居里面面深度等值线(km);(b)—A2—B2温度剖面;(c)—C2—D2温度剖面。

Fig.6 Curie-depth contour map and geothermal profiles of the Huabei-Huadong geothermal anomaly area

表3 东南丘陵-沿海地热异常区地层热物性参数[41⇓-43]

Table 3 Formation thermophysical parameters for the of the Southeast hilly-coastal geothermal anomaly area. Adapted from [41⇓-43].

层位	厚度/km			热导率/(W·(m·K)^-1)				生热率/(μW·m^-3)
层位	范围	平均		范围		平均		范围		平均
沉积盖层	0~1.8	1.73	2.2~2.39		2.37		2.76~3.0		2.87
上地壳	9.53~11.63	10.63	3.0		3.0		1.22~1.38		1.26

图7 东南丘陵-沿海地热异常区上地壳温度 (a)—高热流点温度-深度曲线;(b)—5 km深度温度等值线平面图(括号内数字为高热流计算点序号,与图(a)中的温度-深度曲线序号对应)。F1—滨海断裂;F2—五华-深圳断裂;F3—政和-海丰-大埔断裂;F4—吴川-四会断裂;F5—合浦-北流(博白-岑溪)断裂;F6—防城-灵山断裂;F9—连云山-衡阳断裂;F10—江山-绍兴断裂;F11—余干-婺源断裂;F12—邵武-河源断裂(主干);F13—邵武-河源断裂(北支);F14—宜黄-宁都-定南断裂(控制宜黄、宁都中新生代盆地展布边界,断裂南端有3处温泉出露);F16—汝城-桂东-遂川-万安断裂(控制了泰和-万安K-E红盆的南东边界,断裂带西段温泉成串出露);F18—茶陵-郴州断裂;F19—铜鼓-武宁(萍乡)断裂(沿断裂带有4处温泉)[13]。

Fig.7 Upper crustal temperature in the Southeast hilly coastal geothermal anomaly area

图8 东南丘陵-沿海地热异常区居里面、重点区域地温剖面 a—居里面面深度等值线(km);b—A3—B3温度剖面;c—C3—D3温度剖面。

Fig.8 Curie-depth contour map and geothermal profiles of the Southeast hilly coastal geothermal anomaly area

图9 居里温度与居里深度分析图 a—居里温度:居里面深度DC与大地热流值Q关系图;b—居里深度:居里温度相对于傅立叶一维稳态解的深度误差(I、II、III分别为东北、华北及华东、东南丘陵-沿海地热异常区)。

Fig.9 Curie-temperature and Curie-depth analysis diagram

图10 居里面热结构与上地幔Vs波速结构 (a)—居里面与地表热流比值(QDc/Qs:%);(b)—130 km深度面上Vs波速等值线图[65]。

Fig.10 Thermal structure of Curie surface and shear-wave velocity structure of upper mantle

图11 中国东部地热异常区深部地球动力学背景(50~200 km深度Vs速度剖面引自文献[65])

Fig.11 Geodynamic background of geothermal anomaly area of eastern China. Vs-velocity profile adapted from [65].

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