钾稳定同位素研究综述

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.4.5

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

钾稳定同位素是重要的非传统稳定同位素体系,也是近年来迅速发展的热门研究课题。对钾同位素研究历史和现状进行综述,具体包括以下内容:(1)总结了钾元素的地球化学和宇宙化学性质,包括钾在主要地质储库(地幔、地壳、海洋)中的丰度及其分配,钾在岩浆演化中的不相容大离子亲石性,常见含钾火成岩/沉积岩矿物以及钾在表生过程中的循环,也包括主要行星物质(球粒陨石、非球粒陨石、火星和灶神星陨石以及月球样品)中钾的含量、赋存状态、主要矿物,钾在太阳星云冷凝、行星积聚以及岩浆海过程中的中等挥发性质;(2)介绍了钾同位素的研究历史,从1922年Dempster利用最早的质谱仪测量钾同位素在自然界的丰度,到Taylor和Urey在1938发表的经典的钾同位素分馏实验,再到Humayun和Clayton在1995年发表的钾同位素领域的经典研究,最后到近几年的进展;(3)介绍了对钾的前处理(离子交换柱法)以及钾同位素的主要测量方法,包括早期热电离质谱仪法(TIMS),二次离子质谱仪法(SIMS)和近十几年以来高速发展的多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱仪法(MC-ICP-MS)及其不同的技术路线;(4)介绍了高精度钾同位素比值在低温地球化学和生物地球化学中的应用,包括钾同位素在地表的风化过程中、海水洋壳的反向风化作用中的分馏及其在示踪全球钾元素循环和洋壳俯冲等过程中的应用;(5)介绍了高精度钾同位素比值在高温地球化学中的应用,包括钾同位素在岩浆分异和矿物结晶过程中的分馏;(6)介绍了高精度钾同位素比值在宇宙化学中的应用,包括在太阳星云冷凝、行星凝聚、月球形成大碰撞、岩浆海、火山喷发去气过程中的分馏作用。

关键词: 钾稳定同位素, 同位素分馏, 大陆风化, 热液蚀变, 洋壳示踪, 全球钾循环, 行星形成

Abstract:

The high-precision potassium (K) stable isotope system is one of the emerging non-traditional isotope systems enabled in recent years by the advance of Multi-Collector Inductively-Coupled-Plasma Mass-Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). Here we provide a brief overview on 1) the geochemical and cosmochemical properties of potassium and its major reservoirs, and the abundances of K on earth and in the rest of the Solar System; 2) the history of K isotope studies from 1922 to 2019; 3) the analytical methods of studying K isotopes including column chromatography and mass spectrometry (Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry-TIMS, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry-SIMS, and MC-ICP-MS); 4) the applications of K stable isotopes in low-temperature geochemistry and biogeochemistry, such as understanding processes of continental weathering, hydrothermal alteration, and reverse weathering; 5) the applications of K stable isotopes in high-temperature geochemistry, such as studying subduction dehydration/metamorphism, tracing subducted oceanic crustal materials and evaluating mantle heterogeneity; and 6) the applications of K stable isotopes on cosmochemistry, such as understanding solar nebular condensation, parent-body processing, planetary formation and magma ocean evolution.

Key words: potassium stable isotopes, isotopic fractionation, continental weathering, hydrothermal alteration, subduction slab tracer, global K cycle, planetary formation

中图分类号:

P597

王昆, 李伟强, 李石磊. 钾稳定同位素研究综述[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(3): 104-122.

WANG Kun, LI Weiqiang, LI Shilei. Stable potassium isotope geochemistry and cosmochemistry[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(3): 104-122.

图/表 12

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储库 Reservoirs		储库占地球总质量比例^[27,28,29]/% Mass fraction	钾含量/10^-6 K concentration	占地球全钾质量比例/% Fraction of total K
河水^[30] River		0	2.3	0
海水^[31] Ocean		0.023	399	0.049
地壳 Crust		0.435	12 930	30.3
	陆壳 Continental crust	0.345	16 133	30.0
	陆上沉积物^[32] continental sediment	0.013	17 765	1.2
	上地壳^[2] upper continental crust	0.113	23 244	14.2
	中地壳^[2] middle continental crust	0.114	19 093	11.7
	下地壳^[2] lower continental crust	0.105	5 064	2.9
	洋壳^[33] Oceanic crust	0.090	651	0.32
	洋中脊玄武岩^[33] mid-ocean ridge basalt		1 237
	洋岛玄武岩^[34] oceanic island basalt		6 890
地幔 Mantle		67.7	191	69.6
	上地幔^[35] upper mantle	17.5	50	4.7
	下地幔^[23] lower mantle	50.2	240	64.9
地核^[22] Core		32.3	0	0

储库 Reservoirs		储库占地球总质量比例^[27,28,29]/% Mass fraction	钾含量/10^-6 K concentration	占地球全钾质量比例/% Fraction of total K
河水^[30] River		0	2.3	0
海水^[31] Ocean		0.023	399	0.049
地壳 Crust		0.435	12 930	30.3
	陆壳 Continental crust	0.345	16 133	30.0
	陆上沉积物^[32] continental sediment	0.013	17 765	1.2
	上地壳^[2] upper continental crust	0.113	23 244	14.2
	中地壳^[2] middle continental crust	0.114	19 093	11.7
	下地壳^[2] lower continental crust	0.105	5 064	2.9
	洋壳^[33] Oceanic crust	0.090	651	0.32
	洋中脊玄武岩^[33] mid-ocean ridge basalt		1 237
	洋岛玄武岩^[34] oceanic island basalt		6 890
地幔 Mantle		67.7	191	69.6
	上地幔^[35] upper mantle	17.5	50	4.7
	下地幔^[23] lower mantle	50.2	240	64.9
地核^[22] Core		32.3	0	0

矿物名 Mineral		化学式 Formula	常见于 Occurrence	钾含量 w(K)/% K concentration	键的力常数^[36]/ (N·m^-1) Force constant	平均键长^[36]/Å Mean bond length	配位数 Coordination number
硅酸盐 Silicates	微斜长石 microcline	KAlSi₃O₈	花岗岩 Granite	14.05	48.92	2.895	7
	白榴石 leucite	KAlSi₂O₆	贫硅碱性岩 Alkalic rock	17.91	35.31	2.955	6
	霞石 nepheline	Na₃KAl₄Si₄O₁₆	贫硅碱性岩 Alkalic rock	6.69	51.9	2.992	9
	白云母 muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂	花岗岩 Granite	9.82	59.93	2.871	6
	锂云母 lepidolite	KLi₂AlSi₄O₁₀(OH)₂	伟晶岩 Pegmatites	10.12	43.59	3.022	6
	金云母 phlogopite	KMg₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂	接触变质岩 Metamorphic	9.37	44.85	2.961	6
碳酸盐 Carbonates	碳酸钾 potassium carbonate	K₂CO₃		56.58	63.82	2.832	9
碳酸盐 Carbonates	碳酸氢钾 potassium bicarbonate	KHCO₃		39.05	66.15	2.848	8
卤化物 Halide	钾盐 sylvite	KCl	蒸发岩 Evaporite	52.45	44.06	3.144	6
硝酸盐 Nitrate	硝石 niter	KNO₃	土壤 Soil	38.67	89.51	2.876	9
硫酸盐 Sulfate	明矾石 alunite	KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆	低温热液矿 Sulfate ore	9.44	112.32	2.825	12
硫化物 Sulfide	陨硫铜钾矿 djerfisherite	K₆CuFe₂₄S₂₆Cl	陨石 Meteorite	9.38	34.76	3.343	9

矿物名 Mineral		化学式 Formula	常见于 Occurrence	钾含量 w(K)/% K concentration	键的力常数^[36]/ (N·m^-1) Force constant	平均键长^[36]/Å Mean bond length	配位数 Coordination number
硅酸盐 Silicates	微斜长石 microcline	KAlSi₃O₈	花岗岩 Granite	14.05	48.92	2.895	7
	白榴石 leucite	KAlSi₂O₆	贫硅碱性岩 Alkalic rock	17.91	35.31	2.955	6
	霞石 nepheline	Na₃KAl₄Si₄O₁₆	贫硅碱性岩 Alkalic rock	6.69	51.9	2.992	9
	白云母 muscovite	KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)(OH)₂	花岗岩 Granite	9.82	59.93	2.871	6
	锂云母 lepidolite	KLi₂AlSi₄O₁₀(OH)₂	伟晶岩 Pegmatites	10.12	43.59	3.022	6
	金云母 phlogopite	KMg₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)₂	接触变质岩 Metamorphic	9.37	44.85	2.961	6
碳酸盐 Carbonates	碳酸钾 potassium carbonate	K₂CO₃		56.58	63.82	2.832	9
碳酸盐 Carbonates	碳酸氢钾 potassium bicarbonate	KHCO₃		39.05	66.15	2.848	8
卤化物 Halide	钾盐 sylvite	KCl	蒸发岩 Evaporite	52.45	44.06	3.144	6
硝酸盐 Nitrate	硝石 niter	KNO₃	土壤 Soil	38.67	89.51	2.876	9
硫酸盐 Sulfate	明矾石 alunite	KAl₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆	低温热液矿 Sulfate ore	9.44	112.32	2.825	12
硫化物 Sulfide	陨硫铜钾矿 djerfisherite	K₆CuFe₂₄S₂₆Cl	陨石 Meteorite	9.38	34.76	3.343	9

		钾含量/10^-6 K concentration	K/U 比值	Rb/Sr 比值
太阳光球 Solar photosphere			63 837	0.467
碳质球粒陨石 Carbonaceous chondrites	CI	544	67 160	0.316
	CM	370	30 833	0.160
	CO	360	20 000	0.100
	CV	360	21 176	0.081
	CR	315	24 231	0.110
	CK	290	19 333	0.090
普通球粒陨石 Ordinary chondrites	H	780	60 000	0.250
	L	920	61 333	0.209
	LL	880	58 667	0.154
顽火辉石球粒陨石 Enstatite chondrites	EH	840	91 304	0.443
顽火辉石球粒陨石 Enstatite chondrites	EL	700	100 000	0.245
地球 Earth		225	14 803	0.053
火星 Mars		730	57 937	0.252
月球 Moon		83	2 515	0.009 3
灶神星 Vesta		83	3 773	0.010 5
钛辉无球粒陨石 Angrite		30	176	0.000 68