地学前缘 ›› 2026, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1): 135-142.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.10.31

• 水岩相互作用及效应 • 上一篇    下一篇

云冈石窟黄土覆盖层对水盐运移的阻滞作用研究

欧阳恺皋1(), 闫宏彬2, 蒋小伟1, 李娜1, 张少优2, 牛然1, 杨曦1, 唐旭霖1, 迟华清1, 万力1,*()   

  1. 1.中国地质大学(北京) 地下水循环与环境演化教育部重点实验室, 北京 100083
    2.石窟寺保护与传承山西省重点实验室, 山西 大同 037007
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-28 修回日期:2025-10-17 出版日期:2026-01-25 发布日期:2025-11-10
  • 通信作者: *万 力(1962—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水文地质教学和科研工作。E-mail: wanli@cugb.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:欧阳恺皋(1999—),男,博士研究生,水利工程专业,主要从事包气带水循环方面研究工作。E-mail: 3005220022@email.cugb.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    山西省科技重大专项计划“揭榜挂帅”项目(202401150401022)

Study on the blocking effect of the loess cover layer on water-salt transport in the Yungang Grottoes

OUYANG Kaigao1(), YAN Hongbin2, JIANG Xiaowei1, LI Na1, ZHANG Shaoyou2, NIU Ran1, YANG Xi1, TANG Xulin1, CHI Huaqing1, WAN Li1,*()   

  1. 1. MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
    2. Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Conservation and Inheritance of Grotto Temples, Datong 037007, China
  • Received:2025-09-28 Revised:2025-10-17 Online:2026-01-25 Published:2025-11-10

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摘要：

大气降水向岩土体入渗是自然界的普遍现象,由于砂岩和黄土的水力学参数差异显著、砂岩含水率监测困难,限制了人们关于两者对降水入渗响应规律的认识。本文以我国北方云冈石窟为例,利用频域反射技术在4窟顶部裸露砂岩(洞窟内可以发生降雨入渗引发的渗水)、9窟山顶黄土(洞窟内未发生降雨入渗引发的渗水)分别开展多个深度含水率监测,对比二者对降雨事件的差异响应,同时采集洞窟壁面含风化产物岩石样品并利用X射线衍射仪(X-ray Diffractometer, XRD)开展矿物组分检测。监测表明,浅表层砂岩(深度10 cm)对大于10 mm的降雨事件可发生快速响应,含水率显著增大并接近饱和,而同等强度降雨仅能引起同等深度表层黄土(深度10 cm)饱水度达到约0.75,而220 cm处几乎无响应。矿物组分检测结果表明,历史上酸雨入渗至4窟,导致${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$的富集并形成泻利盐,进而主导了盐风化;前人于20世纪60年代采集的风化产物样品、近期的5~10窟壁面风化产物均未检测到硫酸盐,表明在顶部黄土的防渗作用下,洞窟未受酸雨入渗影响。本研究通过对比裸露砂岩和黄土对降雨事件的响应、有无黄土覆盖层洞窟的风化产物差异,揭示了黄土覆盖层具有很好的防渗性能,可以为未来的洞窟内文物保护提供决策依据。

关键词: 岩石风化, 岩石含水率, 水盐运移, 降雨入渗, XRD检测

Abstract:

Atmospheric precipitation infiltration into rock and soil is a common natural phenomenon. However, understanding the response of different materials to infiltration remains limited, particularly for sandstone where in-situ moisture monitoring is challenging due to significant differences in hydrological parameters between materials like sandstone and loess. This study, conducted at the Yungang Grottoes in northern China, employed frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) to monitor moisture content at various depths. Monitoring sites included exposed sandstone atop Cave 4, where infiltration potentially causes internal seepage, and loess atop Cave 9, where infiltration does not lead to seepage inside the cave. The responses of these two materials to rainfall events were compared. Monitoring results indicated that shallow sandstone (10 cm depth) responded rapidly to rainfall events as small as 10 mm, with moisture content increasing significantly, nearly reaching saturation. In contrast, similar rainfall intensity only increased the saturation of shallow loess (10 cm depth) to approximately 0.75, while the deep loess (220 cm depth) showed almost no response. Mineral composition analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) on weathering products from the cave walls revealed that decades of acid rain infiltration into Cave 4 led to ${\mathrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$ accumulation and the formation of efflorescent salts, which dominate salt weathering. Analysis of weathering product samples collected in the 1960s, alongside recent samples from Caves 5-10, suggests that the overlying loess layer has prevented acid rain infiltration into these caves. This study demonstrates that the loess cover layer exhibits low permeability, a finding that can inform future decision-making for the conservation of the cultural relics within the caves.

Key words: rock weathering, rock moisture, water-salt transport, rainfall infiltration, XRD analysis

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