金川铜镍(铂)硫化物矿床岩浆通道成矿系统:来自矿物学的证据

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.11.80

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

金川岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床是世界第三大岩浆型铜镍(铂)硫化物矿床,近年来,关于金川矿床成因机制的讨论一直存在争议。目前流行的成矿模型主要有以下两种:(1)岩浆通道堆积模型;(2)深部熔离-多次贯入模型。目前,二者均不能较好解释矿区中存在的各种地质现象,特别是高密度硫化物矿浆上侵难等关键问题。实验岩石学和动力学模拟的最新研究进展表明流体的加入可有效推动高密度硫化物的迁移。前期研究发现,金川矿床硫化物矿石中广泛发育原生富Cl或富C的含水矿物(磷灰石、方解石、金云母、角闪石等),富Cl和C流体活动显著伴随金川矿床成矿过程,而这种富Cl和C流体的加入是否为促使高密度硫化物“矿浆”上侵运移的主要机制还需进一步探讨。针对上述问题,本次研究通过对金川矿床中几类重要矿物进行综合的矿物学、地球化学、同位素地球化学研究,以矿物成因探讨了影响金川矿床高密度硫化物“矿浆”上侵运移的主要机制。金川矿床中的原生含水矿物与金属硫化物构成流体晶矿物组合,由流体晶矿物组合的空间展布规律与岩浆通道的前进方向推测,该富Cl和C的流体由最初的富钙逐渐向富镁、富硅演化。

关键词: 金川Cu-Ni (PGE)硫化物矿床, 磷灰石, 流体晶矿物组合, 富Cl流体, 岩浆通道成矿系统

Abstract:

The Jinchuan deposit is the third largest magmatic copper-nickel sulfide deposit in the world. There are still a lot of controversies about its metallogenic mechanism and there are two main models: ① Magmatic conduit accumulation metallogenic model and ② Deep segregation-injection metallogenenic model. However, none of them can explain the geological phenomena in the mining area well, especially the key problems such as the emplacement of high density sulfide melts. The new progress in experimental petrology and dynamics simulation shows that fluid addition can effectively promote the migration of high-dense sulfide slurry and it might be the main mechanism of emplacement of sulfide melts in the Jinchuan deposit. Previous research found that primary Cl-rich hydrated minerals (phlogopite, amphibole, apatite and calcite) are widely distributed in the Jinchuan sulfide ore, indicating that the formation process of the Jinchuan deposit might be significantly influenced by Cl- and C-rich fluids. This paper focuses on the characteristics of specific hydrous minerals in the deposit to discuss the migration mode and emplacement ability of sulfide meltIn order to investigate the significant effects of this Cl-rich and C-rich fluid on migration of the high-density sulfide melts. The primary hydrous minerals and sulfides in the Jinchuan deposit constitute fluid minerals assemblage. It is speculated that the Cl- and C-rich fluid gradually evolved from calcium-rich to magnesium and silicon-rich according to the spatial distribution of the fluid minerals and the moving direction of the magma conduit.

Key words: Jinchuan Cu-Ni(PGE) sulfide deposit, apatite, fluid mineral assemblages, Cl-rich fluid, magmatic conduit metallogenic system

中图分类号:

刘美玉, 苏尚国, 刘心然, 郭旭东, 李一鸣. 金川铜镍(铂)硫化物矿床岩浆通道成矿系统:来自矿物学的证据[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(2): 390-411.

LIU Meiyu, SU Shangguo, LIU Xinran, GUO Xudong, LI Yiming. Magmatic conduit metallogenic system of Jinchuan Cu-Ni (PGE) sulfide deposit: Evidence from mineralogy[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(2): 390-411.

图/表 22

图1 龙首山区域地质简图(据文献[37]修改)

Fig.1 Sketch map of the Longshoushan area. Modified after [37].

图2 金川矿床地质图(据文献[37,39-40]修改)

Fig.2 Geological map and cross section of the Jinchuan intrusion. Modified after [37,39-40].

图3 金川铜镍(铂)硫化物矿床中流体晶矿物组合 A—矿石中与硫化物共生的金云母,边缘蚀变为绿泥石;B—与硫化物共生的金云母、白云石等矿物(采自24号矿体);C—与硫化物共生的金云母、磷灰石等含水矿物;D—块状矿石中与硫化物共生的石英、菱镁矿等矿物(采自58号矿体)。均为背散射图像。Phl—金云母;Cc—方解石;Pn—镍黄铁矿;Ccp—黄铜矿;Po—磁黄铁矿;Dol—白云石;AP—磷灰石;Mag—菱镁矿;Q—石英。

Fig.3 Fluid crystal mineral assemblages in the Jinchuan Cu-Ni (PGE) sulfide deposit

图4 金川超基性岩体与矿石中磷灰石特征 A—无矿二辉橄榄岩中的金云母,局部包裹磷灰石颗粒;B—斜方辉石包裹的磷灰石颗粒中包裹金云母;C—无矿岩体中磷灰石包裹多相固体包裹体;D—无矿岩体磷灰石包裹大量针状独居石,平行于寄主矿物c轴分布;E—阴极发光图像中的无矿岩体磷灰石;F—矿石中磷灰石,与硫化物紧密共生;G—阴极发光图像中的矿石磷灰石;H—矿石磷灰石与硫化物相互包裹;I—矿石磷灰石中的橄榄石包裹体。Opx—斜方辉石;Mon—独居石;Ab—钠长石;Aln—褐帘石;Cpx—单斜辉石;Pl—斜长石;Amp—角闪石;Ol—橄榄石;Ser—蛇纹石;Sul—硫化物。

Fig.4 Occurrences of apatite in the lherzolite and ore of the Jinchuan deposit

图5 金川超基性岩体与矿石中金云母特征 A—无矿岩体中的填隙金云母,形状多不规则,与磷灰石相互穿插、包裹;B—正交透射光下的无矿岩体金云母;C—矿石金云母,与硫化物交互穿插生长;D—矿石金云母,与硫化物及磷灰石、角闪石等含水矿物紧密共生。

Fig.5 Occurrences of phlogopite in the lherzolite and ore of the Jinchuan deposit

图6 金川超基性岩体与矿石中碳酸盐矿物特征 A—矿床中的隐爆角砾岩,大量碳酸盐脉冲破超镁铁质岩石、矿石,形成大量棱角状分明的超镁铁岩/矿石碎块;B—无矿岩体中的次生蚀变碳酸盐矿物(阴极发光图);C—无矿岩体中的次生蚀变碳酸盐矿物,沿橄榄石等造岩矿物边缘分布;D—矿石中的后期热液脉,主要成分为方解石(阴极发光图);E—矿石中与硫化物共生的白云石(采自24号矿体);F—矿石中的角砾状、团块状方解石,分布于硫化物中(采自2号矿体,阴极发光图)。

Fig.6 Occurrences of carbonate in the lherzolite and ore of the Jinchuan deposit

图7 磷灰石稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图(标准化数据据文献[42],磷灰石数据据文献[17])

Fig.7 Chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns of apatite. Adapted from [17,42].

表1 金云母电子探针成分分析结果

Table 1 EMPAdata for phlogopite

图8 金川矿床金云母分类图解(底图据文献[43] )

Fig.8 Classification of phlogopite from the Jinchuan deposit. Adapted from [43].

表2 金云母微量元素成分表

Table 2 Trace element concentrations for apatite

图9 方解石(Mn+Fe)-SiO2图解

Fig.9 (Mn+Fe)-SiO2 plot of the calcite

表3 方解石电子探针成分分析结果

Table 3 EMPA data for calcite

样品	类别	w_B/%
样品	类别	SiO₂	TiO₂	Al₂O₃	FeO	MnO	MgO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O	Cr₂O₃	SrO	BaO	P₂O₅	CO₂	Total
050712-9-1	矿石	0.04	0.03	—	0.02	0.70	0.09	56.60	—	—	0.06	—	0.16	—	43.54	101.23
050712-9-2		—	—	0.01	—	0.60	0.04	56.61	—	—	0.09	—	0.17	—	43.56	101.08
050712-9-3		0.01	0.07	0.04	—	0.83	0.06	56.74	—	—	—	0.03	0.14	—	43.48	101.39
050712-9-4		—	—	—	0.04	0.88	0.08	56.36	—	—	0.06	—	0.17	—	43.53	101.11
050712-9-5		—	—	0.02	—	0.53	0.06	56.72	—	—	—	0.02	0.13	0.01	43.59	101.06
050712-9-6		—	—	0.06	—	1.10	0.10	55.91	—	—	—	—	0.04	—	43.64	100.86
050712-9-7		—	—	—	—	0.74	0.08	56.37	—	—	—	0.02	0.05	—	43.64	100.89
050712-9-8		—	—	0.03	0.02	0.57	0.04	55.89	—	—	—	0.02	0.07	0.01	43.79	100.43
050712-9-9		0.04	—	0.01	0.09	1.53	0.28	55.94	—	—	0.02	0.01	0.07	—	43.45	101.44
050712-9-10		—	—	0.01	0.04	0.79	0.04	56.77	—	—	—	0.02	0.04	—	43.53	101.23
050712-9-11		—	—	0.01	—	0.75	0.08	56.06	—	—	—	0.02	—	—	43.72	100.64
050712-9-12		0.02	—	—	—	0.81	0.06	56.60	—	—	—	—	0.04	—	43.58	101.11
050712-9-13		—	—	0.01	0.02	0.84	0.11	56.50	—	—	—	0.02	0.09	—	43.55	101.14
050712-9-14		0.01	0.01	0.02	—	0.79	0.09	56.77	—	—	—	—	—	0.01	43.56	101.24
050712-9-15		—	0.07	—	—	0.95	0.07	55.66	—	—	—	0.01	0.19	—	43.67	100.62
050713-5-1		0.03	—	0.03	0.01	0.59	0.06	55.58	—	—	0.02	—	—	—	43.88	100.20
050713-5-10		—	—	—	0.02	0.70	0.25	55.73	—	—	—	0.01	—	0.01	43.79	100.51
050713-5-11		0.02	0.03	0.02	0.08	0.64	0.22	56.35	—	—	0.02	0.01	—	0.01	43.65	101.05
050713-5-12		—	—	0.01	0.07	0.75	0.21	57.00	—	—	0.03	—	0.08	—	43.45	101.60
050713-5-13		0.02	—	0.01	0.10	0.59	0.11	56.42	—	—	0.02	0.01	—	—	43.66	100.93
050713-5-14		0.01	—	0.03	0.08	0.71	0.21	56.4	—	—	—	0.02	0.10	0.01	43.58	101.15
050713-5-15		—	0.01	—	0.10	0.72	0.22	56.39	—	—	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.01	43.61	101.10
050713-5-16		0.02	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.64	0.19	56.98	—	—	—	—	—	—	43.54	101.44
050713-5-17		—	—	0.03	0.08	0.63	0.19	56.35	—	—	0.02	0.01	—	—	43.66	100.97
050713-5-18		—	0.03	0.03	0.09	0.78	0.20	56.51	—	—	0.02	0.01	—	—	43.57	101.23
050713-5-2		0.02	—	0.01	0.10	0.59	0.20	55.99	—	—	0.01	—	0.05	—	43.73	100.69
050713-5-3		—	—	0.02	0.07	0.75	0.19	56.44	—	—	—	—	0.01	—	43.61	101.08
050713-5-4		0.02	—	0.05	0.16	0.66	0.17	56.85	—	—	0.02	—	—	—	43.52	101.44
050713-5-5		0.03	—	—	0.10	0.65	0.16	56.17	—	—	—	—	—	—	43.70	100.80
050713-5-6		0.01	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.72	0.24	56.17	—	—	—	—	—	—	43.69	100.92
050713-5-7		—	—	0.03	0.09	0.59	0.23	56.04	—	—	—	0.01	—	—	43.74	100.71
050713-5-8		—	—	0.02	0.11	0.70	0.15	56.72	—	—	—	—	—	0.01	43.56	101.27
050713-5-9		—	—	0.02	0.05	0.59	0.19	56.77	—	—	—	0.03	—	0.01	43.58	101.23
150905-10	围岩	0.07	—	0.01	—	0.03	1.71	54.58	0.73	0.12	—	0.02	0.03	—	43.88	101.16
150905-10		0.1	0.02	0.01	0.07	0.03	1.74	55.58	0.05	—	—	0.05	—	—	43.84	101.49
150905-10		0.03	0.02	0.01	0.03	—	1.27	54.90	0.01	—	—	—	—	—	44.09	100.37
150905-10		0.08	—	0.03	0.12	0.02	2.06	54.21	—	—	—	0.03	—	—	44.14	100.67
150905-7		—	0.01	—	0.13	0.08	2.09	55.39	0.13	0.01	—	0.03	—	—	43.81	101.66
150905-7		0.01	0.02	—	0.06	0.08	0.94	59.71	0.04	—	—	0.01	0.01	—	43.02	103.89
150905-7		0.01	—	—	0.03	0.04	1.56	60.03	0.04	—	—	—	—	—	42.93	104.64
150905-7		—	—	—	0.12	0.05	1.49	61.08	0.03	—	—	0.02	0.01	—	42.68	105.48
B160909-1-1		0.01	—	—	0.08	0.01	1.94	61.00	—	—	—	0.04	—	—	42.69	105.76
B160909-1-1		0.01	—	—	0.07	0.03	2.03	60.37	0.01	0.02	—	0.04	0.03	—	42.78	105.40
B160909-1-1		0.01	—	—	—	0.02	1.76	61.86	0.05	—	—	—	—	—	42.55	106.25
B160909-1-1		0.04	0.01	—	0.06	0.01	1.93	54.48	0.02	0.01	—	—	—	—	44.11	100.66
B160909-1-1		0.02	0.01	0.01	0.03	—	0.88	55.13	0.01	0.01	—	0.06	—	—	44.05	100.20
B160909-1-1		—	—	—	0.07	—	1.25	55.61	0.02	0.01	—	0.08	0.01	—	43.88	100.93
B160909-1-1		0.09	—	—	0.07	0.03	1.65	51.65	0.09	0.02	—	—	0.07	—	44.74	98.42

表3 方解石电子探针成分分析结果

Table 3 EMPA data for calcite

样品	类别	w_B/%
样品	类别	SiO₂	TiO₂	Al₂O₃	FeO	MnO	MgO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O	Cr₂O₃	SrO	BaO	P₂O₅	CO₂	Total
050712-9-1	矿石	0.04	0.03	—	0.02	0.70	0.09	56.60	—	—	0.06	—	0.16	—	43.54	101.23
050712-9-2		—	—	0.01	—	0.60	0.04	56.61	—	—	0.09	—	0.17	—	43.56	101.08
050712-9-3		0.01	0.07	0.04	—	0.83	0.06	56.74	—	—	—	0.03	0.14	—	43.48	101.39
050712-9-4		—	—	—	0.04	0.88	0.08	56.36	—	—	0.06	—	0.17	—	43.53	101.11
050712-9-5		—	—	0.02	—	0.53	0.06	56.72	—	—	—	0.02	0.13	0.01	43.59	101.06
050712-9-6		—	—	0.06	—	1.10	0.10	55.91	—	—	—	—	0.04	—	43.64	100.86
050712-9-7		—	—	—	—	0.74	0.08	56.37	—	—	—	0.02	0.05	—	43.64	100.89
050712-9-8		—	—	0.03	0.02	0.57	0.04	55.89	—	—	—	0.02	0.07	0.01	43.79	100.43
050712-9-9		0.04	—	0.01	0.09	1.53	0.28	55.94	—	—	0.02	0.01	0.07	—	43.45	101.44
050712-9-10		—	—	0.01	0.04	0.79	0.04	56.77	—	—	—	0.02	0.04	—	43.53	101.23
050712-9-11		—	—	0.01	—	0.75	0.08	56.06	—	—	—	0.02	—	—	43.72	100.64
050712-9-12		0.02	—	—	—	0.81	0.06	56.60	—	—	—	—	0.04	—	43.58	101.11
050712-9-13		—	—	0.01	0.02	0.84	0.11	56.50	—	—	—	0.02	0.09	—	43.55	101.14
050712-9-14		0.01	0.01	0.02	—	0.79	0.09	56.77	—	—	—	—	—	0.01	43.56	101.24
050712-9-15		—	0.07	—	—	0.95	0.07	55.66	—	—	—	0.01	0.19	—	43.67	100.62
050713-5-1		0.03	—	0.03	0.01	0.59	0.06	55.58	—	—	0.02	—	—	—	43.88	100.20
050713-5-10		—	—	—	0.02	0.70	0.25	55.73	—	—	—	0.01	—	0.01	43.79	100.51
050713-5-11		0.02	0.03	0.02	0.08	0.64	0.22	56.35	—	—	0.02	0.01	—	0.01	43.65	101.05
050713-5-12		—	—	0.01	0.07	0.75	0.21	57.00	—	—	0.03	—	0.08	—	43.45	101.60
050713-5-13		0.02	—	0.01	0.10	0.59	0.11	56.42	—	—	0.02	0.01	—	—	43.66	100.93
050713-5-14		0.01	—	0.03	0.08	0.71	0.21	56.4	—	—	—	0.02	0.10	0.01	43.58	101.15
050713-5-15		—	0.01	—	0.10	0.72	0.22	56.39	—	—	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.01	43.61	101.10
050713-5-16		0.02	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.64	0.19	56.98	—	—	—	—	—	—	43.54	101.44
050713-5-17		—	—	0.03	0.08	0.63	0.19	56.35	—	—	0.02	0.01	—	—	43.66	100.97
050713-5-18		—	0.03	0.03	0.09	0.78	0.20	56.51	—	—	0.02	0.01	—	—	43.57	101.23
050713-5-2		0.02	—	0.01	0.10	0.59	0.20	55.99	—	—	0.01	—	0.05	—	43.73	100.69
050713-5-3		—	—	0.02	0.07	0.75	0.19	56.44	—	—	—	—	0.01	—	43.61	101.08
050713-5-4		0.02	—	0.05	0.16	0.66	0.17	56.85	—	—	0.02	—	—	—	43.52	101.44
050713-5-5		0.03	—	—	0.10	0.65	0.16	56.17	—	—	—	—	—	—	43.70	100.80
050713-5-6		0.01	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.72	0.24	56.17	—	—	—	—	—	—	43.69	100.92
050713-5-7		—	—	0.03	0.09	0.59	0.23	56.04	—	—	—	0.01	—	—	43.74	100.71
050713-5-8		—	—	0.02	0.11	0.70	0.15	56.72	—	—	—	—	—	0.01	43.56	101.27
050713-5-9		—	—	0.02	0.05	0.59	0.19	56.77	—	—	—	0.03	—	0.01	43.58	101.23
150905-10	围岩	0.07	—	0.01	—	0.03	1.71	54.58	0.73	0.12	—	0.02	0.03	—	43.88	101.16
150905-10		0.1	0.02	0.01	0.07	0.03	1.74	55.58	0.05	—	—	0.05	—	—	43.84	101.49
150905-10		0.03	0.02	0.01	0.03	—	1.27	54.90	0.01	—	—	—	—	—	44.09	100.37
150905-10		0.08	—	0.03	0.12	0.02	2.06	54.21	—	—	—	0.03	—	—	44.14	100.67
150905-7		—	0.01	—	0.13	0.08	2.09	55.39	0.13	0.01	—	0.03	—	—	43.81	101.66
150905-7		0.01	0.02	—	0.06	0.08	0.94	59.71	0.04	—	—	0.01	0.01	—	43.02	103.89
150905-7		0.01	—	—	0.03	0.04	1.56	60.03	0.04	—	—	—	—	—	42.93	104.64
150905-7		—	—	—	0.12	0.05	1.49	61.08	0.03	—	—	0.02	0.01	—	42.68	105.48
B160909-1-1		0.01	—	—	0.08	0.01	1.94	61.00	—	—	—	0.04	—	—	42.69	105.76
B160909-1-1		0.01	—	—	0.07	0.03	2.03	60.37	0.01	0.02	—	0.04	0.03	—	42.78	105.40
B160909-1-1		0.01	—	—	—	0.02	1.76	61.86	0.05	—	—	—	—	—	42.55	106.25
B160909-1-1		0.04	0.01	—	0.06	0.01	1.93	54.48	0.02	0.01	—	—	—	—	44.11	100.66
B160909-1-1		0.02	0.01	0.01	0.03	—	0.88	55.13	0.01	0.01	—	0.06	—	—	44.05	100.20
B160909-1-1		—	—	—	0.07	—	1.25	55.61	0.02	0.01	—	0.08	0.01	—	43.88	100.93
B160909-1-1		0.09	—	—	0.07	0.03	1.65	51.65	0.09	0.02	—	—	0.07	—	44.74	98.42

图10 方解石稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图(标准化数据据文献[42])

Fig.10 Chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns of calcite. Adapted from [42].

表4 方解石微量元素成分表

Table 4 Trace element concentrations for calcite

表5 白云石电子探针成分分析结果

Table 5 EMPAdata for dolomite

表6 白云石微量元素成分表

Table 6 Trace element concentrations for dolomite

图11 磷灰石O同位素分布图(磷灰石数据据文献[17]) A—超基性岩体中磷灰石;B—矿石磷灰石。

Fig.11 Oxygen isotope distribution diagram of the apatite. Adapted from [17].

表7 方解石原位O同位素数据

Table7 Calcite in-situ O isotopic data

图12 方解石O同位素分布图 A—与硫化物共生的自形团块状方解石;B—热液次生方解石。

Fig.12 Oxygen isotope distribution diagram of the calcite

图13 方解石成分图解 A—方解石δCe-δEu图解;B—方解石Y/Ho-La/Ho图解。

Fig.13 Diagram of calcite compositions

图14 角闪石晶体化学成因图解(底图据文献[59⇓-61]) A—钙质角闪石Al2O3-TiO2图解;B—角闪石Al/Si-Mg/(Fe3++Fe2++AlVI)图解;C—角闪石Ca-(Fe2++Fe3+)-Mg图解:a—岩浆成因区(正变质成因区),b1—副变质成因亚区(碳酸盐岩变质),b2—副变质成因亚区(硅铁质岩变质),c—超变质成因集中区,d1—热液成因集中区,d2—接触交代成因集中区。

Fig.14 Binary and triangular plots of the amphibole from the Jinchuan deposit. Adapted from [59⇓-61].

图15 金云母晶体化学成因图解(底图据文献[62-63]) A—金云母FeOT/(FeOT+MgO)-MgO图解;B—金云母Fe3+-Fe2+-Mg2+图解。

Fig.15 Binary and triangular plots of the phlogopite from the Jinchuan deposit. Adapted from [62-63].

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