从中亚岩石冷却的时空差异性浅析天山中新生代隆升剥露的动力来源

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.7.51

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文基于系统收集的天山及北部中亚区域磷灰石裂变径迹年龄、 U-Th/He年龄和裂变径迹长度数据,通过频度分析和年龄分阶段插值分析,综合刻画了天山和中亚地区中新生代的岩石快速冷却事件的时空差异。结合不同阶段不同区域构造变形的表现,探讨了天山地区不同阶段不同区段岩石快速冷却事件与不同板块边界动力之间的联系。结果显示,天山地区主要经历了晚三叠世、晚侏罗世—早白垩世、晚白垩世—古新世、新生代中晚期4次快速冷却事件。晚三叠世的快速冷却主要分布于天山西段,反映逆冲断层活动引起的岩石抬升剥露,受控于西部图兰(Turan)地体与古亚洲大陆的碰撞。晚侏罗世—早白垩世的快速冷却主要分布于西部的吉尔吉斯天山和东部的东天山地区,均表现为逆冲断层活动引起的岩石抬升剥露。其中西部吉尔吉斯天山的逆冲抬升主要受控于南部的拉萨地体与古亚洲大陆碰撞的远程效应,而东天山主要受控于北部蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋主体闭合的远程效应。晚白垩世—古新世的快速冷却主要为沿大型断裂分布的热冷却事件。其中,西部吉尔吉斯天山、中国西天山和东部东天山南部的觉罗塔格地区,断裂活动引发的快速冷却事件主要发生在晚白垩世晚期—古新世,受控于Kohistan-Dras等岛弧的增生拼贴和最后的印度与欧亚大陆的碰撞,而东天山北部哈尔里克山,右旋转换伸展断裂导致的快速热冷却事件主要发生在相对较早的晚白垩世中期,与北部蒙古—鄂霍茨克造山带后碰撞伸展塌陷事件同步。新生代中晚期的快速冷却主要表现在帕米尔及其以北的天山西段,反映为印度与欧亚板块碰撞后高原崛起向北扩展导致的陆内强烈挤压的远程效应。总之,天山造山带不同区段中新生代不同阶段的岩石快速冷却事件是南部特提斯构造域多块体碰撞和北部蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造域洋盆闭合以及其后的后碰撞伸展塌陷等板块边界动力远程效应综合影响的结果。

关键词: 天山造山带, 中新生代, 低温热年代学, 岩石快速冷却事件, 远程效应

Abstract:

This paper characterized the spatio-temporal differences in rock rapid cooling events during the Meso-Cenozoic through frequency analysis and phased interpolation based on systematically collected apatite fission track ages, U-Th/He ages, and fission track length data from the Tianshan Mountains and northern Central Asia. And it also discussed the relationship between rock rapid cooling events and the dynamics of plate boundaries by considering tectonic deformation in different regions across various stages. The results indicate that the Tianshan Mountains experienced four primary rapid cooling events, which occurred in the Late Triassic, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous-Paleogene, and Middle-Late Cenozoic periods. The rapid cooling event in the Late Triassic, mainly observed in the western segment of the Tianshan, is linked to rock uplift and exhumation resulting from reverse thrusting, potentially controlled by the collision between the western Turan block and the paleo-Asian continent. During the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, rapid cooling was primarily found in the western Kyrgyz Tianshan and the easternmost Tianshan, where both events were associated with thrusting-controlled rock uplift and exhumation. The uplift in the western Kyrgyz Tianshan is probably connected to the far-field effects of the collision between the southern Lhasa block and the paleo-Asian continent, while uplift in the easternmost Tianshan was likely influenced by the far-field effects of the closure of the northern Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean. The rapid cooling event during the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene is primarily characterized by thermal cooling along major faults. In the western Kyrgyz Tianshan, western Chinese Tianshan, and the Jueluotage region in the southern part of the eastern Tianshan, this rapid cooling due to faulting mainly occurred in the latest Cretaceous-Paleogene and can be attributed to the accretion of island arcs such as Kohistan-Dras, as well as the final collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. But in the Harlik Mountains, located in the northern part of the Eastern Tianshan, this rapid cooling mainly happened in the middle Late Cretaceous, slightly earlier than in other regions but was synchronised with the post-collision extensional collapse of the northern Mongolia-Okhotsk orogenic belt. The faulting associated with this rapid cooling in the Harlik Mountains demonstrates a dextral transtensional movement within a northeast-southwest tensile stress field, suggesting a dynamic link between the dextral transtension in the Harlik Mountains and the post-collision collapse in the northern Mongolia-Okhotsk orogenic belt. The strong uplift and exhumation event in the mid to late Cenozoic is mainly observed in the Pamir and the western segment of the Tianshan, reflecting the far-field effects of intense intracontinental compression caused by the rise of the Tibetan Plateau and its northward expansion following the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates. In summary, the rapid cooling events in various parts of the Tianshan Mountains during different stages of the Meso-Cenozoic era were the result of the combined effects of various plate boundary dynamics, including multi-block collisions and the subsequent rise of the Tibetan Plateau in the southern Tethys tectonic domain, as well as the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and the resulting post-collision extensional collapse in the northern tectonic domain.

Key words: Tianshan Mountains, Meso-Cenozoic, low-temperature thermochronology, rock rapid cooling event, far-field effect

中图分类号:

P548

王国灿, 赵子豪, 申添毅, 马骋, 周亚波. 从中亚岩石冷却的时空差异性浅析天山中新生代隆升剥露的动力来源[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(1): 322-342.

WANG Guocan, ZHAO Zihao, SHEN Tianyi, MA Cheng, ZHOU Yabo. A brief analysis on the dynamic sources of the uplift and exhumation of the Tianshan Mountains during the Meso-Cenozoic based on the spatio-temporal differences of rock cooling in the Central Asia[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(1): 322-342.

图/表 9

图1 天山及邻近地区地理区划及主干断裂分布简图 a—中亚造山带构造位置(据文献[1]修改);b—天山及其邻近地区地理区划及主干断裂分布简图。图中天山地区各主干断裂与单元标注如下:1—Talas-Fergana断裂;2—尼古拉耶夫线;3—阿特巴什-科克夏尔缝合带;4—天山主剪切带;5—南中天山缝合带;6—塔里木北界断裂;7—戈壁-天山断裂;8—阿尔金断裂。NTS—北天山;CTS—中天山(中国境内);YLB—伊犁地块;MTS—中天山(吉尔吉斯斯坦境内);STS—南天山。

Fig.1 Geographic division and main fault distribution of the Tianshan Mountains and adjacent areas

图2 天山及北部中亚地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄(a)和磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄(b)频度分布图

Fig.2 Frequency distribution of fission track ages of apatite (a) and (U-Th)/He ages of apatite (b) in the Tianshan Mountains and northern Central Asia regions

图3 天山及北部中亚地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分区年龄直方图

Fig.3 Histogram of apatite fission track age distribution in the Tianshan Mountains and northern Central Asia regions

图4 天山及北部中亚地区低温热年代学数据插值图 a—磷灰石裂变径迹年龄分布插值图; b—磷灰石裂变径迹长度分布插值图;c—磷灰石(U-Th)/He年龄分布插值图。

Fig.4 Interpolation maps of low-temperature thermochronology data for the Tianshan Mountains and northern Central Asia regions. a—Interpolation map of apatite fission track age distribution; b—Interpolation map of apatite fission track length distribution; c—Interpolation map of apatite (U-Th)/He age distribution.

图5 天山及北部中亚地区晚三叠世—早侏罗世AFT年龄分布和磷灰石MTL分布插值图

Fig.5 Interpolation map of the AFT age and MTL distribution during Late Triassic-Early Jurassic in the Tianshan Mountains and northern Central Asia

图6 天山及北部中亚地区晚侏罗世—早白垩世AFT年龄分布与磷灰石MTL分布插值图

Fig.6 Interpolation map of the AFT age and MTL distribution during Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous in the Tianshan Mountains and northern Central Asia

图7 天山及北部中亚地区晚白垩世—古新世AFT年龄分布与磷灰石MTL分布插值图

Fig.7 Interpolation map of the AFT age and MTL distribution during Late Cretaceous-Paleocene in the Tianshan Mountains and northern Central Asia

图8 天山及北部中亚地区始新世至今AFT年龄分布和磷灰石MTL插值图

Fig.8 Interpolation map of the AFT age and MTL distribution since Eocene in the Tianshan Mountains and northern Central Asia

图9 天山中新生代不同时期岩石快速冷却剥露的潜在动力来源

Fig.9 Potential dynamic sources of rock rapid cooling and exhumation in different periods of Meso-Cenozoic in the Tianshan Mountains

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