贝加尔裂谷和汾渭地堑成因与印度-欧亚碰撞的远程效应

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.1.30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

位于欧亚板块东部的贝加尔裂谷和汾渭地堑是两个著名的裂谷系,它们具有相似的外形和地貌特征,也具有相似的地质构造演化历史。其成因机制长期以来一直存在争议,诸多研究说明它们的形成和印度与欧亚大陆碰撞密切相关,但印度与欧亚碰撞的远程效应是如何传递到这些区域的?本文通过大陆漂移过程中的陆缘区域的地幔上涌所形成的伸展构造演化和陆缘裂解,结合欧亚大陆新生代构造演化,研究印度-欧亚碰撞的远程效应所导致的微陆块裂解漂移及伸展构造发展演化规律。结果说明这两个裂谷的成因与欧亚东缘新生代大规模微陆块裂解漂移密切相关。新生代伴随着青藏高原的隆升,欧亚大陆东缘发生了大规模地幔上涌和陆块裂解,日本、堪察加等陆块发生了裂解漂移,它们的裂解漂移在欧亚东缘形成了差异左旋走滑环境,从而分别在西伯利亚克拉通和鄂尔多斯克拉通东南侧形成了两个裂谷系和地震带,这两个地震带和2023年2月土耳其大地震具有类似的成因机制,它们都是走滑断裂所形成的地震带。用新大陆漂移模型可以合理解释其成因机制。

关键词: 贝加尔裂谷, 汾渭地堑, 印度-欧亚碰撞, 动力机制, 远程效应

Abstract:

The Baikal Rift and the Fenwei Graben are two famous rift systems located in the eastern Eurasian plate, with similar topographic features and geomorphic characteristics. Their tectonic evolution histories are also similar. Many studies have shown that their formation is closely related to the Indo-Eurasian collision, however, the mechanism for this long-range effect is not clear. In this paper, basing on the evolution of extensional tectonics caused by mantle upwelling in the continental margin during the continental drift and continental margin splitting, combined with the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Eurasia, we studied the evolution of microcontinental fragments and extensional tectonics under the long-range effect. The results show that the origin of the two rift systems is closely related to the Cenozoic large-scale fragmentation and drift of microcontinents in the eastern margin of the Eurasian. Briefly, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplift results in large-scale mantle upwelling and continental breakup in the Cenozoic, where the breakup and drift of the proto-Japan/proto-Kamchatka blocks form a differential sinistral strike-slip environment, and lead to the formation of the two rift systems in two seismic zones on the southeast side of the Siberian and Ordos Basins. These two seismic zones, which have similar genetic mechanisms to the Türkiye earthquake in February 2023, are formed by strike slip faults, and their genetic mechanisms can be reasonably explained by the new continent drift model.

Key words: Baikal Rift, Fenwei Graben, Indo-Eurasian collision, dynamic mechanism, remote effect

中图分类号:

P541

梁光河. 贝加尔裂谷和汾渭地堑成因与印度-欧亚碰撞的远程效应[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(3): 282-293.

LIANG Guanghe. Genesis of the Baikal Rift and the Fenwei Graben and the remote effects of the Indo-Eurasian collision[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(3): 282-293.

图/表 13

图1 贝加尔裂谷和汾渭地堑在欧亚大陆东缘的位置

Fig.1 Location of the Baikal and Fenwei Rifts on the eastern margin of Eurasia

图2 欧亚板块东南缘的构造挤出模式(据文献[6]修改)

Fig.2 Genetic model for the southeast Eurasian plate based on geological interpretation of extrusion tectonics. Modified after [6].

图3 新大陆漂移动力机制模型和陆缘裂解示意图(据文献[26]修改)

Fig.3 Models describing the dynamic mechanism of continental drift (a) and breakup of a continental margin (b). Modified after [26].

图4 横跨大西洋和太平洋的大陆漂移模式示意图

Fig.4 Continental drift patterns across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans

图5 东半球大陆漂移后留下的尾迹特征

Fig.5 Characteristics of wakes in the eastern hemisphere resulted from the continental drift

图6 欧亚东缘陆块裂解漂移的细节特征 1—堪察加;2—库页岛和北海道;3—锡霍特;4—日本三岛;5—海南岛;6—朝鲜半岛。

Fig.6 A detailed illustration of the breakup and drift of continental block in the eastern margin of Eurasia. The dashed arrows indicate drift path; dashed circles, original position; solid circles, current position. Arrow numbering follows the order of drift: 1—Kamchatka; 2—Sakhalin and Hokkaido; 3—Siholt; 4—Mishima, Japan; 5—Hainan Island; 6—Korean Peninsula.

图7 横跨黄海盆地的地震勘探剖面和构造演化史恢复 a—地震勘探剖面位置图(据文献[30]);b—地震勘探剖面的地质解释(据文献[30-31]修改);c—24 Ma构造演化史恢复剖面;d—32 Ma构造演化史恢复剖面;e—65 Ma构造演化史恢复剖面。

Fig.7 Restoration of tectonic evolution history for the Yellow Sea Basin based on geological interpretation of seismic exploration profile. (a) Seismic profile location map; (b) geological interpretation of seismic section (modified after [30-31]); (c-e) restoration sections.

图8 朝鲜半岛和胶东半岛的构造演化模型示意图

Fig.8 Tectonic evolution models for the Korean and Jiaodong Peninsulas

图9 欧亚东缘新生代受力状态图和主要裂谷系构造略图(底图据文献[33])

Fig.9 Tectonic stresses and main rift systems in the Cenozoic in eastern Eurasia. Basemap from [33].

图10 剪切拉扭环境下裂谷盆地成因模拟实验结果(据文献[35]修改)

Fig.10 Results of rift basin genetic simulation experiment under transtensional pull-apart environment. Modified after [35].

图11 欧亚东南缘三条剖面线构造格架示意图(据文献[29,36⇓⇓-39]修改)

Fig.11 Structural frameworks along three profile lines in the southeastern margin of Eurasian. Modified after [29,36⇓⇓-39].

图12 贝加尔湖剖面和裂谷成因简图(据文献[39]修改)

Fig.12 Lake Baikal profile and genetic model for the rift system. Modified after [39].

图13 贝加尔湖深度剖面和地震成因示意图(据文献[28]修改)

Fig.13 Earthquake genesis in the Baikal Rift. Modified after [28].

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