华北地区典型城市水体中内分泌干扰物酚类化合物赋存特征及风险评价

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.4.14

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

酚类物质是新污染物中内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的一类,具有致畸致癌致突变的“三致”效应,对生态环境和人体健康产生严重影响。本研究基于高灵敏度快速液相色谱-三重四极杆-线性离子阱质谱(LC-TQ-LIT-MS)技术,对华北地区3个典型城市的32个点位水样(包括地表水、地下水及垃圾渗滤液)中10种酚类内分泌干扰物进行了分析,研究了赋存特征并利用美国EPA方法对地表水和地下水中酚类化合物进行生态风险评价。地表水酚类化合物检出率为72%,地下水检出率为35%,垃圾渗滤液的检出率为89%。地表水中酚类化合物检出浓度的极大值为622 ng/L,地下水中检出浓度最大值为21.8 ng/L,垃圾渗滤液中检出浓度最大值为753 ng/L。对当地居民生活常用水源的地表水和地下水进行生态风险评价,发现地表水中有点位呈现高生态风险,地下水均呈低生态风险。各城市的地表水与地下水污染物种类显著相关,浓度变化趋势一致,表明地表水渗漏是重要污染途径之一。需要持续关注地下水中酚类内分泌干扰物的含量及赋存状态,并关注其对环境和人体健康潜在影响。

关键词: 酚类化合物, 新污染物, 地下水, 垃圾渗滤液, 生态风险评价

Abstract:

Certain phenolic compounds, such as bisphenol A and alkylphenols, are recognized endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and emerging contaminants of global concern. They exhibit teratogenic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties, posing significant threats to ecosystems and human health. This study analyzed ten phenolic EDCs in 33 water samples (surface water, groundwater, leachate) from three North China cities using liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ-LIT-MS). Detection frequencies were 72% (surface water), 35% (groundwater), and 89% (leachate). Bisphenol A (BPA) reached maximum concentrations of 622ng/L (surface water), 21.8ng/L (groundwater), and 753ng/L (leachate). Ecological risk assessment for specific EDCs via the U.S. EPA risk quotient (RQ) method indicated high risk in surface water but low risk in groundwater. Pollutant profiles showed significant correlations between surface water and groundwater across cities, with consistent concentration trends suggesting potential contamination via surface water infiltration. Continuous monitoring of phenolic EDCs in groundwater is essential to assess their environmental persistence and health impacts.

Key words: phenolic compounds, emerging contaminants, groundwater, landfill leachate, ecological risk assessment

中图分类号:

黄毅, 董璇, 马志远, 田西昭, 朱帅, 朱云. 华北地区典型城市水体中内分泌干扰物酚类化合物赋存特征及风险评价[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(4): 353-362.

HUANG Yi, DONG Xuan, MA Zhiyuan, TIAN Xizhao, ZHU Shuai, ZHU Yun. Rapid detection and risk assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals in typical urban waters in northern cities of China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(4): 353-362.

图/表 8

表1 本方法与国内外标准方法对比

Table 1 This method is compared with domestic and foreign standards

标准编号	标准名称	检出限
HJ 1192—2021	水质 9种烷基酚类化合物和双酚A的测定固相萃取/高效液相色谱法	40~60 ng/L
(EU) 2018/213	食品接触用清漆和涂料中双酚A的测定	0.05 mg/kg
GB/T 5009.99—2003	食品容器及包装材料用聚碳酸酯树脂卫生标准的分析方法	0.05 mg/kg
美国EPA	环境水体中烷基酚的测定	20~70 ng/L
本方法	水体中10种酚类内分泌干扰物的测定	1~2 ng/L

图1 3个城市取样点位图 a—3个城市具体分布图;b—Y市采样点位分布图;c—S市采样点位分布图; d—X市采样点位分布图。

Fig.1 Bitmaps of sampling points in three cities

表2 样品中酚类化合物浓度(最大值、最小值和平均值)

Table 2 Concentration of alkylphenol in the sample (maximum, minimum and average values)

物质名称	酚类化合物浓度/(ng·L^-1)
	S市(n=9)			X市(n=13)						Y市(n=10)
	最大值	最小值	平均值		最大值		最小值		平均值		最大值		最小值		平均值
4-叔丁基苯酚	753	<2.00	89.1	622		6.30		161		537		18.6		78.2
4-丁基苯酚	16.7	<1.00	1.86	33.7		<1.00		7.94		22.2		<1.00		2.82
4-叔辛基苯酚	1.39	<1.00	0.15	1.05		<1.00		<1.00		4.25		<1.00		0.42
4-戊基苯酚	15.1	<1.00	1.84	5.69		<1.00		1.55		<1.00		<1.00		<1.00
4-己基苯酚	<1.00	<1.00	<1.00	1.41		<1.00		0.30		9.77		<1.00		0.98
4-庚基苯酚	<1.00	<1.00	<1.00	3.50		<1.00		0.27		<1.00		<1.00		<1.00
4-辛基苯酚	48.0	<1.00	5.33	2.76		<1.00		0.41		<1.00		<1.00		<1.00
4-n-壬基酚	11.1	<1.00	1.23	<1.00		<1.00		<1.00		16.7		<1.00		2.25
壬基酚	23.5	<1.00	2.61	6.88		<1.00		0.89		<1.00		<1.00		<1.00
双酚A	525	<1.00	59.0	710		<1.00		56.5		236		<1.00		24.9

图2 3个城市10种酚类物质分布对比 a—3个城市10种酚类物质总浓度对比;b—3个城市检出酚类物质小提琴图。

Fig.2 Distribution comparison of 10 phenols in 3 cities

图3 S市10种酚类物质浓度对比 a—S市检出酚类物质浓度;b—S市检出酚类物质比例图。

Fig.3 Comparison of concentrations of 10 phenols in S City

图4 X市10种酚类物质浓度对比 a—X市检出酚类物质浓度;b—X市检出酚类物质比例图。

Fig.4 Comparison of concentrations of 10 phenols in X City

图5 Y市10种酚类物质浓度对比 a—Y市检出酚类物质浓度;b—Y市检出酚类物质比例图。

Fig.5 Comparison of concentrations of 10 phenols in Y City

图6 生态风险评估组图 a—相关性热点分析图;b—3个市水体中酚类的样本PCA图;c—3个市水体中酚类物质的聚类分析树图;d—3个市水体中酚类物质的载荷图。

Fig.6 Risk assessment group chart

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