酸性铀污染地下水原位生物修复技术:进展与挑战

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.10.36

地学前缘 ›› 2026, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1): 250-268.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.10.36

酸性铀污染地下水原位生物修复技术:进展与挑战

刘亚洁¹^,²(), 李江¹^,³, 王学刚¹^,², 柯平超¹^,², 孙占学¹^,²^,^*()

1.铀资源探采与核遥感全国重点实验室, 东华理工大学, 江西南昌 330038
2.地下水污染成因与修复江西省重点实验室, 江西南昌 330038
3.东华理工大学理学院, 江西抚州 344000

收稿日期:2025-06-09 修回日期:2025-10-02 出版日期:2026-01-25 发布日期:2025-11-10
通信作者: *孙占学(1962—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水文地球化学、铀矿采冶与环境修复技术研究。E-mail: zhxsun@ecut.edu.cn
作者简介:刘亚洁(1967—),女,教授,主要从事环境生物技术、生物冶金研究。E-mail: lyj008@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重点项目(42430716);国家核设施退役及放射性废物治理科研项目(1276);中国铀业有限公司-东华理工大学核资源与环境国家重点实验室联合创新基金项目(2022NRE-LH-20);东华理工大学科研发展基金项目(2190301102);东华理工大学科研发展基金项目(2190301087)

In-situ bioremediation of acidic uranium-contaminated groundwater: Development and challenges

LIU Yajie¹^,²(), LI Jiang¹^,³, WANG Xuegang¹^,², KE Pingchao¹^,², SUN Zhanxue¹^,²^,^*()

1. National Key Laboratory of Uranium Resource Exploration-Minging and Nuclear Remote Sensing, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330038, China
2. Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Genesis and Remediation of Groundwater Pollution, Nanchang 330038, China
3. School of Science, East China University of Technology, Fuzhou 344000, China

Received:2025-06-09 Revised:2025-10-02 Online:2026-01-25 Published:2025-11-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

酸性铀污染地下水是全球亟待解决的重大环境问题。原位生物修复因其经济性与可持续性等优势,成为极具潜力的治理策略。本文系统解析酸性铀污染地下水原位生物修复的技术原理、现存问题与发展方向:追溯铀采冶活动引发的酸性污染成因,阐释金属还原微生物作用的代谢特征及原位修复技术发展历程,评述生物还原(核心)、生物矿化(稳定固化)、生物吸附(快速截留)和生物累积(资源化潜力)等多元固铀机制;剖析极端酸性环境(pH<4.0)、竞争性电子受体(硝酸盐等)、寡营养环境、微生物群落动态演替及U(IV)产物稳定性等关键制约因素,提出针对性解决策略;未来应以自主适应微生物群落构建、稳定性强化技术(如晶态U(IV)生成调控)与多机制协同融合(生物-化学耦合、电子供体智能投送等)的创新研究为方向,以提升复杂酸性系统中修复效能与长效性。

关键词: 铀污染, 酸性地下水, 原位生物修复, 铀固化机制, 挑战

Abstract:

Acidic uranium-contaminated groundwater represents a significant and urgent environmental issue worldwide. Due to its cost-effectiveness and sustainability, in situ bioremediation has emerged as a promising mitigation strategy. This review systematically analyzes the technical principles, existing challenges, and future directions for in situ bioremediation of this environmental challenge. We begin by tracing the genesis of acidic uranium-contaminated water from uranium mining and milling activities, elucidating microbial reduction mechanisms, and outlining the evolution of in situ remediation technologies. Key uranium immobilization mechanisms - including bioreduction (the core pathway), biomineralization (for stable sequestration), biosorption (enabling rapid retention), and bioaccumulation (with resource recovery potential - are critically examined. This review also analyzes critical constraints such as extreme acidity (pH<4.0), the presence of competitive electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate), oligotrophic conditions, dynamic microbial community succession, and the stability risks of U(IV), proposing targeted countermeasures for each. Future research should prioritize: (1) developing self-adaptive microbial consortia, (2) enhancing long-term stability through the promotion of crystalline U(IV) phases, and (3) establishing synergistic systems that integrate multiple mechanisms (e.g., bio-chemical coupling and smart electron donor delivery). These innovations are crucial for advancing the efficacy and longevity of in situ bioremediation in complex acidic environments.

Key words: uranium contamination, acid groundwater, in situ bioremediation, uranium immobilization mechanisms, challenges

中图分类号:

X523

刘亚洁, 李江, 王学刚, 柯平超, 孙占学. 酸性铀污染地下水原位生物修复技术:进展与挑战[J]. 地学前缘, 2026, 33(1): 250-268.

LIU Yajie, LI Jiang, WANG Xuegang, KE Pingchao, SUN Zhanxue. In-situ bioremediation of acidic uranium-contaminated groundwater: Development and challenges[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2026, 33(1): 250-268.

图/表 7

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细菌株型	富集分离环境	最适生长条件	代谢特点	参考文献
Desulfosporosinus orientis	发酵液	厌氧,35 ℃,pH 6.5	硫酸盐还原与酸性环境适应性	★[29] ▲[30]
Desulfovibrio baarsii DSM 2075	淡水沉积物	厌氧,37 ℃,pH 7.5	代谢多样性	★[31]
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 29577	土壤	厌氧,37 ℃,pH 7.2	铀还原能力	▲[32]
Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans DSM 3696	淡水湖沉积物	厌氧,30 ℃,pH 7.2	硫歧化代谢途径	▲[33]
Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough ATCC 29579	活性污泥	厌氧,35 ℃,pH 6.8	铀还原能力	★[34]
Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA	海水沉积物	严格厌氧,30 ℃,pH 6.8	直接电子传递	★[35]
Geobacter metallireducens, strain GS-15(ATCC 53774)	美国马里兰州波托马克河沉积物	严格厌氧,30~35 ℃, pH 6.7~7.0	直接电子传递	★[36] ▲[37]
Shewanella putrefaciens (原名:Pseudomonas putrefaciens)	鱼内脏	兼性厌氧,30 ℃,pH 7.0	金属还原+硫代谢	★[24]
Shewanella oneidensis MR-1	奥奈达湖沉积物	好氧/微好氧,30 ℃,pH 7.0		▲[28] *[38]
Shewanella alga BrY	海湾沉积物	兼性厌氧,25 ℃,pH 7.5		★[39]
Shewanella putrefaciens 200	淡水环境	兼性厌氧,30 ℃,pH 7.0		*[40]
Bacillus arsenicoselenatis, E1H	加利福尼亚州莫诺湖淤泥-碱性、高盐度、富含砷的水体	严格厌氧,20 ℃,pH 8.5~10	As还原	*[41]
Bacillus selenitireducens MLS10	加利福尼亚州莫诺湖淤泥-碱性、高盐度、富含砷的水体	微好氧,20 ℃,pH 8.5~10	Se和As还原	*[41]
Clostridium sp. ATCC 53464	土壤样	厌氧,30 ℃,pH 6.8	U还原	*[42]
Pyrobaculum islandicum DSM 4184	地热区	厌氧,100 ℃,pH 7.0	铁还原	▲[43]
Thermus scotoductus SA-01	金矿地下水	兼性厌氧,65 ℃,pH 7.0	铁还原	▲[44]
Thermoterrabacterium ferrireducens DSM 11255	美怀俄明州黄石公园方解石热泉	厌氧,65 ℃,pH 6.0~6.2	铁还原	★[45]

细菌株型	富集分离环境	最适生长条件	代谢特点	参考文献
Desulfosporosinus orientis	发酵液	厌氧,35 ℃,pH 6.5	硫酸盐还原与酸性环境适应性	★[29] ▲[30]
Desulfovibrio baarsii DSM 2075	淡水沉积物	厌氧,37 ℃,pH 7.5	代谢多样性	★[31]
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 29577	土壤	厌氧,37 ℃,pH 7.2	铀还原能力	▲[32]
Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans DSM 3696	淡水湖沉积物	厌氧,30 ℃,pH 7.2	硫歧化代谢途径	▲[33]
Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough ATCC 29579	活性污泥	厌氧,35 ℃,pH 6.8	铀还原能力	★[34]
Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA	海水沉积物	严格厌氧,30 ℃,pH 6.8	直接电子传递	★[35]
Geobacter metallireducens, strain GS-15(ATCC 53774)	美国马里兰州波托马克河沉积物	严格厌氧,30~35 ℃, pH 6.7~7.0	直接电子传递	★[36] ▲[37]
Shewanella putrefaciens (原名:Pseudomonas putrefaciens)	鱼内脏	兼性厌氧,30 ℃,pH 7.0	金属还原+硫代谢	★[24]
Shewanella oneidensis MR-1	奥奈达湖沉积物	好氧/微好氧,30 ℃,pH 7.0		▲[28] *[38]
Shewanella alga BrY	海湾沉积物	兼性厌氧,25 ℃,pH 7.5		★[39]
Shewanella putrefaciens 200	淡水环境	兼性厌氧,30 ℃,pH 7.0		*[40]
Bacillus arsenicoselenatis, E1H	加利福尼亚州莫诺湖淤泥-碱性、高盐度、富含砷的水体	严格厌氧,20 ℃,pH 8.5~10	As还原	*[41]
Bacillus selenitireducens MLS10	加利福尼亚州莫诺湖淤泥-碱性、高盐度、富含砷的水体	微好氧,20 ℃,pH 8.5~10	Se和As还原	*[41]
Clostridium sp. ATCC 53464	土壤样	厌氧,30 ℃,pH 6.8	U还原	*[42]
Pyrobaculum islandicum DSM 4184	地热区	厌氧,100 ℃,pH 7.0	铁还原	▲[43]
Thermus scotoductus SA-01	金矿地下水	兼性厌氧,65 ℃,pH 7.0	铁还原	▲[44]
Thermoterrabacterium ferrireducens DSM 11255	美怀俄明州黄石公园方解石热泉	厌氧,65 ℃,pH 6.0~6.2	铁还原	★[45]

电子供体类型	适用pH范围	铀去除率	优势	限制	数据来源
乳酸钠	4.0~8.0	70%~85%	易生物降解,SRB偏好	酸性条件效率下降	[95]
腐殖酸	3.0~5.5	可变	电子穿梭作用	高浓度抑制(>50 mg/L)	[103]
氢气(MBfR)	2.5~7.0	>90%	无碳添加,抑制杂菌	设备投资高	[104]
苹果皮发酵液	3.5~6.0	88.6%	废物利用,低成本	需预发酵处理	[105]
玉米芯发酵液	3.0~6.0	>99%(低于检测限)	废物利用,低成本	预发酵时间较长	[106]

电子供体类型	适用pH范围	铀去除率	优势	限制	数据来源
乳酸钠	4.0~8.0	70%~85%	易生物降解,SRB偏好	酸性条件效率下降	[95]
腐殖酸	3.0~5.5	可变	电子穿梭作用	高浓度抑制(>50 mg/L)	[103]
氢气(MBfR)	2.5~7.0	>90%	无碳添加,抑制杂菌	设备投资高	[104]
苹果皮发酵液	3.5~6.0	88.6%	废物利用,低成本	需预发酵处理	[105]
玉米芯发酵液	3.0~6.0	>99%(低于检测限)	废物利用,低成本	预发酵时间较长	[106]

细菌种属	沉积物	U固定的pH	参考文献
Brevundimonas vesicularis LWG1	CaU(PO₄)₂	9.4	[139]
Shewanella putrefaciens	H₂-(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂·8H₂O	5.0	[140]
Clostridium sp.	醋酸铀酰脱水复杂产物	7.2	[141]
Citrobacter sp.	铀酰磷酸化合物	6.9	[142]
Bacillus spp.	钙铀酰碳酸盐	5.0	[91]
Jonesia quinghaiensis ZFSY-01	无机和有机铀酰磷酸化合物(吸附态)	5.0	[143]
Caulobacter crescentus	CaU(PO₄)₂	4.5	[144]
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans	未分析	4.0	[145]
Desulfosporosinus desulfolous	铀酰磷酸化合物	3.5(模拟含矿含水层水平管试验, 生物强化)	作者研究成果, 尚未发表

酸性铀污染地下水原位生物修复技术:进展与挑战

In-situ bioremediation of acidic uranium-contaminated groundwater: Development and challenges

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