显生宙海洋中的生物碳泵:有机质聚集的又一个重要机制

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.12.87

地学前缘 ›› 2025, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (5): 150-164.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.12.87

显生宙海洋中的生物碳泵:有机质聚集的又一个重要机制

梅冥相¹^,²(), 王画¹^,^*(), 覃英伦³, 黄文芳⁴

1.中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083
2.中国地质大学(北京) 生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室, 北京 100083
3.广西广投能源集团有限公司, 广西南宁 530000
4.广西地质调查院, 广西南宁 530023

收稿日期:2024-04-04 修回日期:2024-12-23 出版日期:2025-09-25 发布日期:2025-10-14
通信作者: 王画
作者简介:梅冥相(1965—),男,教授,主要从事沉积学和地层学研究工作。E-mail: meimingxiang@263.net
基金资助:
广西重点研发计划项目(2021AB30011);广西地矿局科研项目(GXDK202430)

The ocean’s biological carbon pump of the Phanerozoic: Another accumulation mechanism of organic matter

MEI Mingxiang¹^,²(), WANG Hua¹^,^*(), QIN Yinglun³, HUANG Wenfang⁴

1. School of Earth Sciences and Natural Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
3. Guangxi Investment Group Energy Group Co., Ltd, Nanning 530000, China
4. Guangxi Geological Survey, Nanning 530023, China

Received:2024-04-04 Revised:2024-12-23 Online:2025-09-25 Published:2025-10-14
Contact: WANG Hua

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

富有机质的细粒沉积物,即所谓的黑色页岩,常常形成重要的潜在性页岩气勘探目的层,其中有机质聚集作用被识别为3个基本模式:生产率、保存作用和沉积作用速率。需要指出的是,海洋的生物碳泵,是一个主要通过沉落颗粒(如浮游动物和细粒植物碎片等)向深海海底输出有机质,并最终鳌合在深部大洋沉积物之中的过程,也应该是显生宙深海沉积之中有机质聚集的又一个重要过程。在滇黔桂盆地中心地带的台间盆地相带之中,一套富有机质竹节石黑色页岩,累计厚度超过600 m,总有机碳(TOC)含量多为2%~4%,有的高达5%~6%,集中发育在广西南丹同贡剖面的埃姆斯期到弗拉斯期,代表一套品质较为优越的潜在性页岩气勘探目的层。更有意义的是,高密度保存在腐殖泥中的竹节石化石(含量超过30%)表明,浮游动物的生物碳泵,也应该是这些竹节石页岩富集有机质的另外一个重要机理。在广西罗城县小长安剖面下石炭统罗城组中,中-厚层含植物碎片的富有机质黑色页岩与中-厚层浅水灰岩一起构成潮下型米级旋回。尽管总体发育在浅缓坡台地背景之中,但是,黑色页岩层的TOC值普遍大于2%,代表一个细粒植物碎片生物碳泵的典型实例,从而间接地表明,在深水台间盆地相中,那些单层累计厚度超百米的富有机质页岩中的有机质的聚集(南丹同贡剖面的下石炭统鹿寨组),也受到相似机制的促进。这些发现和研究表明,除了经典的缺氧或生产率模型之外,确实存在着其他机制造成有机碳的聚集。

关键词: 海洋中的生物碳泵, 有机质聚集作用, 富有机质页岩, 显生宙

Abstract:

Organic-rich fine sediments, i.e., so-called black shales, are the main target rocks for unconventional oil and gas exploration and development. Three fundamental models have been identified for the accumulation of organic matter within organic-rich fine sediments: (1) enhanced organic productivity, (2) enhanced organic matter preservation, associated with reducing conditions, and (3) low sedimentation rate. Importantly and interestingly, the ocean’s biological carbon pump of the Phanerozoic—a sophisticated process by which organic matter is exported through sinking particles (e.g., zooplankton and phytodetritus) and finally sequestered in the deep ocean—should be considered another important mechanism for organic matter accumulation in organic-rich fine sediments, in addition to the above three fundamental models. A set of organic-matter-rich tentaculitid shales, with a thickness exceeding 600 meters and relatively high total organic carbon (TOC) values (commonly >2%, up to 5%-6%), was concentrated and developed from the Emsian to Frasnian Age (Devonian) at the Tonggong section in Nandan County, Guangxi, within the central Dianqiangui Basin. These shales represent an excellent potential target for shale-gas exploration. Furthermore, the high-density preservation of tentaculitid fossils within the sapropel demonstrates that organic matter accumulation in these tentaculitid shales is genetically linked to the zooplankton biological carbon pump. Within the Luocheng Formation (Lower Carboniferous) at the Xiaochangan section in Luocheng County, Guangxi, mid- to thick-bedded organic-rich black shales constitute subtidal carbonate cycles together with mid- to thick-bedded limestones of the shallow ramp facies. The relatively high TOC (>2%) and the presence of plant fossil fragments within these organic-rich black shales might represent an example of organic matter accumulation genetically linked to the phytodetritus biological carbon pump. Thus, the accumulation of organic matter within organic-rich black shales of the inter-platform basin facies (represented by the Luzhai Formation of the Lower Carboniferous at the Tonggong section, characterized by single horizons exceeding 100 meters in thickness) was also promoted by a similar mechanism. Therefore, this work reflects that there are other mechanisms for organic carbon accumulation in addition to the classical anoxia vs. productivity models.

Key words: ocean’s biological carbon pump, accumulation of organic matter, organic-rich shale, Phanerozoic

中图分类号:

P736.213

梅冥相, 王画, 覃英伦, 黄文芳. 显生宙海洋中的生物碳泵:有机质聚集的又一个重要机制[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(5): 150-164.

MEI Mingxiang, WANG Hua, QIN Yinglun, HUANG Wenfang. The ocean’s biological carbon pump of the Phanerozoic: Another accumulation mechanism of organic matter[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(5): 150-164.

图/表 8

图1 泥盆纪至中三叠世华南板块中西部的沉积盆地分布图(据文献[28]) 在阴影区代表的滇黔桂盆地之中,星号表示广西南丹同贡剖面大致的地理位置。

Fig.1 Distribution of sedimentary basins from the Devonian to the Middle Triassic in the western-central part of the South-China plate. Adapted from [28].

图2 广西南丹同贡剖面层序地层框架下的泥盆纪深水盆地相富有机质页岩沉积序列图中的SQ1至SQ13代表13个三级沉积层序,它们分别表现为特别的沉积相序列代表的地层旋回;在深水沉积序列之中,多数大于2%的TOC值分析结果表明,一个特别的富有机质页岩沉积序列。图a-c代表典型的宏观沉积与地层学现象:a—早泥盆世洛赫考夫期莲花山组的海侵砂岩地层;b—中泥盆世罗富组的深水盆地相块状富有机质黑色页岩;c—晚泥盆世法门期的缓坡相灰岩地层。图例符号的含义分别是:(1)泥岩,(2)页岩,(3)碳质页岩,(4)钙质泥岩,(5)硅质泥岩,(6)碳质粉砂质泥岩,(7)砂质泥岩,(8)硅质岩,(9)铁质砂岩,(10)砂岩,(11)泥质砂岩,(12)泥灰岩,(13)泥晶灰岩,(14)生物屑灰岩,(15)交错层理,(16)冲刷面,(17)水平纹层,(18)沉积趋势,(19)层序界面,(20)潮坪相,(21)滨岸相,(22)陆棚相,(23)缺氧盆地相,(24)远洋盆地相。该剖面的地理位置见图1所示,据文献[25]。

Fig.2 A sedimentary succession of deep-basin organic-rich shales under the sequence-stratigraphic framework of the Devonian at the Tonggong section in Nandan County of Guangxi

图3 泥盆纪含竹节石富有机质页岩的基本宏观和微观特征,以南丹同贡村剖面下泥盆统益兰组为例 a—益兰组块状黑色页岩的远照;b—益兰组块状黑色页岩的近照,表现出丰富的竹节石化石;c—益兰组块状富有机质竹节石页岩的低倍单偏光显微镜照片;d—益兰组块状富有机质竹节石页岩的单偏光高倍显微照片(照片c的红色框所示部分放大),表现为高密度保存在腐殖泥中的竹节石化石及其碎片。

Fig.3 Images showing the fundamentally microscopic and macroscopic features of organic-rich shales of the Devonian, an example from the Yilan Fm. of the Lower Devonian at the Tonggong section in Nandan County

表1 南丹县同贡村剖面下泥盆统益兰组与塘丁组的TOC含量测试分析表(据文献[25])

Table 1 TOC values of samples from the Yilan and Tangding Formations of the Lower Devonian at the Tonggong section in Nandan County. Adapted from [25].

序号	层序归属	岩性	样品编号	TOC值/%
1	SQ₅海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TD-1	3.69
2	SQ₅海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TD-2	2.76
3	SQ₅海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TD-3	4.14
4	SQ₅海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TD-4	4.69
5	SQ₅海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TD-5	2.60
6	SQ₅海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TG-TD-1	3.53
7	SQ₅海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TG-TD-2	2.34
8	SQ₅海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TG-TD-3	3.94
9	SQ₅海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TG-YL-1	4.01
10	SQ₅海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TG-YL-2	2.75
11	SQ₅海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TG-YL-1	3.24
12	SQ₅海退期	陆棚相暗色页岩	TD-6	0.21

图4 广西南丹同贡剖面层序地层框架下的下石炭统深水盆地相富有机质页岩沉积序列从下石炭统至二叠系乌拉尔统(二叠系下统),一个从深水盆地相富有机页岩向上变浅为浅水碳酸盐台地相灰岩的沉积序列,组成一个二级构造层序,并进一步划分为6个三级沉积层序(SQ1至SQ6);其中,鹿寨组序列代表一个富有机质黑色页岩主导的深水沉积序列,对应着较高的TOC值。图a-c代表典型的沉积学和地层学现象:a—深水盆地相块状富有机质黑色页岩,鹿寨组下部;b—三级层序SQ1的顶界面(箭头所指),盆地相富有机质泥岩,直接覆盖在陆棚相灰岩地层之上的“调相”现象是其基本特征;c—大套浅缓坡相灰岩地层,南丹组。岩性符号和其他属性代号与上文的图2相同,据文献[26]。

Fig.4 A sedimentary succession of deep-basin organic-rich shales under the sequence-stratigraphic framework of the Lower Carboniferous at the Tonggong section in Nandan County of Guangxi

表2 南丹县同贡村剖面下石炭统鹿寨组的TOC测试分析表(据文献[26])

Table 2 TOC values of samples from the Luzhai Formation of the Lower Carboniferous at the Tonggong section in Nandan County. Adapted from [26].

序号	层序归属	岩性	样品编号	TOC值/%
1	SQ₁海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TG-LZ-1	6.97
2	SQ₁海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TG-LZ-2	4.13
3	SQ₁海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TG-LZ-3	3.72
4	SQ₁海退期	陆棚相暗色页岩	TGLZ-1	0.28
5	SQ₁海退期	陆棚相暗色页岩	TGLZ-2	0.58
6	SQ₂海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TGLZ-3	1.45
7	SQ₂海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TGLZ-4	1.59
8	SQ₂海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TGLZ-5	3.78
9	SQ₂海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TGLZ-5(1)	5.80
10	SQ₂海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TGLZ-6	4.68
11	SQ₂海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TGLZ-7	5.19
12	SQ₂海侵期	盆地相黑色页岩	TGLZ-8	4.05
13	SQ₂海退期	陆棚相暗色页岩	TGLZ-9	1.86

图5 广西罗城小长安剖面罗城组中的富有机页岩层的基本分布与产出特征 a—中薄层陆棚相富有机质暗色页岩、与中厚层浅缓坡相灰岩层互层组成的潮下型米级旋回及其所表现出的1∶4的叠加样式(箭头所指);b—浅缓坡相厚层灰岩层中的珊瑚化石(箭头所指);c—浅缓坡相中厚层灰岩层中的薄层暗色富有机质页岩(箭头所指);d—发育在中薄层中的富有机质暗色页岩中的植物化石碎片(箭头所指,岩层层面照片)。该剖面的位置,大致在罗城县城东北约20 km,位于图1所示的南丹同贡剖面之东约150 km,据文献[26]。

Fig.5 Images showing the fundamental distribution and outputting features for organic-matter-rich shale beds of the Luocheng Formation at the Xiaochangan section in Luocheng County of Guangxi

表3 广西罗城小长安镇剖面下石炭统罗城组与浅缓坡相灰岩层所互层的陆棚相富有机质页岩夹层的TOC测试分析表(据文献[26])

Table 3 TOC values of samples from the organic-matter-rich shales of the shelf facies interbedded with the limestones of the shallow ramp facies within the Luocheng Formation of the Lower Carboniferous at the Xiaochangan section in Luocheng County of Guangxi. Adapted from [26].

序号	岩性	样品编号	TOC值/%
1	陆棚相灰黑色页岩	QT-LC-1	3.37
2	陆棚相灰黑色页岩	QT-LC-2	4.14
3	陆棚相灰黑色页岩	QT-LC-3	3.47
4	陆棚相灰黑色页岩	QT-LC-4	3.64
5	陆棚相灰黑色页岩	QT-LC-5	0.82
6	陆棚相灰黑色页岩	QT-LC-6	2.43
7	陆棚相灰黑色页岩	QT-LC-7	0.76
8	陆棚相灰黑色页岩	QT-LC-8	1.16
9	陆棚相灰黑色页岩	QT-LC-9	1.35

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显生宙海洋中的生物碳泵:有机质聚集的又一个重要机制

The ocean’s biological carbon pump of the Phanerozoic: Another accumulation mechanism of organic matter

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