美国场地土壤筛选值研究及其对中国土壤环境基准研究的启示

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.11.50

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

土壤环境基准是土壤环境标准和土壤环境保护的基础。美国是世界上最早关注污染场地保护并开展土壤污染风险管控的国家之一,并形成了较为完善的体系,但我国在这方面还处于起步阶段。为此,本文以美国为例,综述其在土壤筛选值(SSLs)方面的研究,通过分析美国在土壤污染防治方面的法律法规和技术规范,系统梳理美国在SSLs方面的研究成果,从直接摄入、皮肤吸收、摄入污染地下水、吸入室外挥发物与颗粒物和蒸汽侵入5个方面阐述美国基于人体健康风险的SSLs制定的理论方法。在此基础上,为我国土壤环境基准研究提出了几点建议:进一步加强我国土壤环境基准研究工作,立足我国国情开展土壤环境基准研究,加强本土化参数研究和土壤环境基准研究规范化,以及协同开展土壤地下水环境基准研究,以期为我国土壤环境基准研究与制定提供参考。

关键词: 筛选值, 土壤环境基准, 风险评估, 污染场地, 人体健康

Abstract:

Soil evaluation guidelines are essential for soil evaluation and soil environmental protection. The United States (USA) was one of the developed countries first paid attention to contaminated sites protection and soil pollution control, and it has since developed fairly comprehensive guidelines such as the Soil Screening Guidance (SSG) for soil evaluation, whilst China is still in its infancy in this regard. In this paper we review research results on soil screening levels (SSLs) in the USA, focusing on the laws and regulations and technical specifications for soil protection and remediation, and discuss the methodology of SSL formulation based on five health hazard types: direct ingestion, dermal absorption, ingestion of contaminated groundwater, inhalation of outdoor volatiles/particulates and vapor intrusion. On this basis, we propose that researches on soil evaluation in China should be conducted based on soil environmental conditions in China, with emphasis on establishing regional and national soil parameter databases, standardizing national soil evaluation guidelines and carrying out combined research on soil and groundwater evaluation criteria, so as to provide a reference for formulating soil evaluation criteria in China.

Key words: screening levels, soil environmental criteria, risk assessment, contaminated sites, human health

中图分类号:

X53
X825

王晓宇, 屈雅静, 赵文浩, 马瑾. 美国场地土壤筛选值研究及其对中国土壤环境基准研究的启示[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(2): 64-76.

WANG Xiaoyu, QU Yajing, ZHAO Wenhao, MA Jin. Soil screening levels in the United States and implication for soil evaluation in China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(2): 64-76.

图/表 7

图1 美国主要土壤环境管理法律法规与技术规范发展历程

Fig.1 Historical development of main laws and regulations and technical specifications for soil management in USA

图2 超级基金场地补救流程(据文献[44])

Fig.2 CERCLA site remediation flowchart. Adapted from [44].

图3 美国系列SSLs与特定场地污染物浓度的行动关系(据文献[47])

Fig.3 Relationship between SSLs and site-specific pollutant levels and corresponding remediation actions in USA. Adapted from [47].

表1 多途径暴露下暴露参数及其默认值(据文献[35-36])

Table 1 Exposure parameters and default values under different exposure scenarios. Adapted from [35-36].

暴露参数性质		目标风险水平TR	危害商水平 THQ		体重 BW/kg		平均时间 AT/a		暴露期 ED/a		暴露频率 EF/(d·a^-1)	土壤摄入率 IR/(mg·d^-1)
默认值	居民住宅	10^-6	1		15		6/70		6		350	200
	C/I	10^-6	1		70		25/70		25		225/250	100/50
	C/W	10^-6	1		70		70/特定场地		特定场地		特定场地	330
暴露参数性质		口服斜率因子SF_o/ (kg·d·mg^-1)		口服参考剂量RfD_o/ (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)		经年龄调整的土壤摄入因子IF_soil/adj/ (mg·kg^-1)		经年龄调整的皮肤因子SFS/ (mg·a·kg^-1·次^-1)		经皮肤调整的致癌斜率因子SF_ad/ (kg·d·mg^-1)		经皮肤调整的参考剂量RfD_ad/ (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)
默认值	居民住宅	特定化学物质		特定化学物质		114		360		特定化学物质		特定化学物质
	C/I	特定化学物质		特定化学物质						特定化学物质		特定化学物质
	C/W	特定化学物质		特定化学物质						特定化学物质		特定化学物质
暴露参数性质		事件发生频率 EV/(次·d^-1)		土壤皮肤黏附因子 AF_ss/(mg·cm^-2)		皮肤暴露面积 SA/cm²		皮肤吸收分数 ABS_d		亚慢性健康限值HBL_sc/ (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)		经皮肤调整的亚慢性健康限值HBL_ad/ (mg·kg^-1·d^-1)
默认值	居民住宅	1		0.2/0.07		2 800		特定化学物质
	C/I	1/0		0.2		3 300		特定化学物质
	C/W	1		0.3		3 300		特定化学物质		特定化学物质		特定化学物质

表2 迁移至地下水暴露途径下的暴露参数及其默认值(据文献[35,55])

Table 2 Exposure parameters and default values for groundwater exposure. Adapted from [35,55].

暴露参数性质	目标土壤渗滤液浓度 C_w/(mg·L^-1)	土-水分配系数K_d/ (L·kg^-1)	充水土壤孔隙度θ_w	充气土壤孔隙度θ_a	干土容重 ρ_b/(kg·L^-1)	无量纲亨利常数H	渗透速率 I/(m·d^-1)	源的深度 d_s/m	暴露期 ED/a
默认值	与DAF有关	特定化学物质	0.3	1-θ_w-ρ_b/2.65	1.5	特定化学物质	0.18	特定场地	70

表3 吸入室外污染物暴露途径下的暴露参数及其默认值(据文献[36])

Table 3 Exposure parameters and default values for outdoor inhalation exposure. Adapted from [36].

暴露参数性质	吸入单位风险 URF/(m³·μg^-1)	吸入参考浓度 RfC/(mg·m^-3)		表观扩散系数 D_A/(cm²·s^-1)		暴露间隔T/s	年平均风速 U_m/(m·s^-1)		7 m风速的等效阈值 U_t/(m·s^-1)
默认值	特定化学物质	特定化学物质		特定化学物质		9.5×10⁸	4.69		11.32
暴露参数性质	植被覆盖率V		亚慢性土-气挥发系数 VF_sc/(m³·kg^-1)		亚慢性颗粒物排放因子 PEF_sc/(m³·kg^-1)			场外颗粒物排放因子 PEF_off/(m³·kg^-1)
默认值	50%		特定化学物质		特定场地			4.4×10⁸

表4 不同Q/C之间的异同点(据文献[58])

Table 4 Distinctions between three different dispersion factors (Q/C). Adapted from [58].

各类型对比项	Q/C_wind	Q/ $C v o l$	Q/C_off
暴露情景	C/I	C/I	C/W
暴露受体	工人和园林设计师	工人和园林设计师	场外居民
挥发物/颗粒物	颗粒物	挥发物	颗粒物

表4 不同Q/C之间的异同点(据文献[58])

Table 4 Distinctions between three different dispersion factors (Q/C). Adapted from [58].

各类型对比项	Q/C_wind	Q/ $C v o l$	Q/C_off
暴露情景	C/I	C/I	C/W
暴露受体	工人和园林设计师	工人和园林设计师	场外居民
挥发物/颗粒物	颗粒物	挥发物	颗粒物

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